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Bot Med III > Bot Med III Nagel Final > Flashcards

Bot Med III Nagel Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of fresh extracts?

A

Juice
green tincture
mother tincture

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2
Q

What are some types of liquid extracts of dried plant parts

A 
Decoctions
Infusions
Hydro-alcoholic (tinctures)
Spagyric extracts
Fluid extracts 1:1
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3
Q

What is a solid extract?

A

concentrated and standardized with original solvent removed, often 2:1 or higher.

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4
Q

What is the primary differences between Isolated constituents and Complex or Simplified Fractions?

A 
Isolated = purified and separated compounds from natural material (pharmaceuticals)
Complex = as many of a plants phytochemicals as possible (extracts)
Simplified = focused on select compounds (concentrated and standardized)
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5
Q

What are the basics of the Brinker Continuum of Herb Products?

A

(Least side effects)
Whole herb/native extracts/complex fractions > simplified fractions/isolated constituents
(most side effects)`

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6
Q

Name the players in the Hollywood method

A 
Screen writer = concept
Lead actor = primary herb
Supporting actor = secondary herb
Behind the scenes = supporting herbs
Director = activator or harmonizer
Producer = form of herbal product
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7
Q

Name some factors to consider about incompatibilities of tincture mixtures.

A 
Solubility
Fresh vs. dried
Polarity
pH
Precipitation
Temperature
Botanical matrix
Solvent used
Solvent percentage
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8
Q

What is maceration?

A

to soak and herb, fresh or dried, most common method, but it’s slow.

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9
Q

What is percolation?

A

slow passing through a powdered herb; fast

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10
Q

What are the advantages to alcohol tinctures?

A 
natural source
min 25% to preserve
best preservative & sanitizer
best solvent for 2nd plant constituents
Peripheral circulatory action
minimal processing
readily absorbed
convenient and versatile
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of alcohol tinctures?

A 
taste
high glycemic index
safety (kids, alcoholics, etc)
Compliance issues
cost issues
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12
Q

What are the advantages of glycerin tinctures?

A

decent solvent
good preservative
low glycemic index
sweet taste

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of glycerin tinctures?

A

unnatural/fat saponification
need 65% to stabilize
can cause diarrhea

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14
Q

Latin: American Ginseng

A

Panax quinquefolius (at risk)

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15
Q

Latin: BLACK cohosh

A

Actaea racemosa (cimicifuga)

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16
Q

Latin: Bloodroot

A

Sanguinaria canadensis (at risk)

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17
Q

Latin: BLUE cohosh

A

Caulophyllum thalictroides (at risk)

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18
Q

Latin: Eyebright

A

Euphrasia spp. (at risk)

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19
Q

Latin: False unicorn root

A

Chamaelirium luteum (at risk)

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20
Q

Latin: Goldenseal

A

Hydrastis canadensis (at risk)

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21
Q

Latin: Lady’s slipper orchid

A

Cypripedium spp. (at risk)

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22
Q

Latin: Lomatium

A

Lomatium dissectum (at risk)

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23
Q

Latin: Osha

A

Ligusticum porteri (at risk)

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24
Q

Latin: Peyote

A

Lophophora williamsii (at risk)

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25
Q

Latin: Slippery elm

A

Ulmus rubra (at risk)

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26
Q

Latin: Sundew

A

Drosera spp. (at risk)

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27
Q

Latin: Trillium/Beth’s root

A

Trillium spp. (at risk)

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28
Q

Latin: True unicorn

A

Aletris farinosa (at risk)

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29
Q

Latin: Venus’ fly trap

A

Dionaea muscipula (at risk)

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30
Q

Latin: Virginia snakeroot

A

Aristolochia serpentaria (at risk)

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31
Q

Latin: Wild yam

A

Dioscorea villosa, D spp. (at risk)

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32
Q

Latin: Red yeast rice

A

Monascus purpureus

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33
Q

Latin: Artichoke leaf

A

Cynara scolymus

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34
Q

Latin: Guggul

A

Commiphora mukul

35
Q

Latin: Fenugreek

A

Trigonella foenum-graecum

36
Q

Latin: Garlic

A

Allium sativum

37
Q

Latin: Hawthorne

A

Crataegus monogyna

38
Q

Latin: Mistletoe

A

Viscum album

39
Q

Latin: Indian snakeroot

A

Rauwolfia serpentine

40
Q

Latin: Aconite/Monkshood/Wolfsbane/Friarscap

A

Aconitum napellus

41
Q

Latin: Deadly nightshade

A

Atropa belladonna

42
Q

Latin: Pukeweed

A

Lobelia inflata

43
Q

Latin: willow

A

Salix spp.

44
Q

Latin: Devil’s claw

A

Harpagophytum procumbens

45
Q

Latin: Feverfew

A

Tanacetum parthenium

46
Q

Latin: Turmeric

A

Curcuma longa

47
Q

Latin: Blackberry

A

Rubus fruiticosus

48
Q

Latin: Black raspberry

A

Rubus occidentalis

49
Q

Latin: Ma Huang

A

Ephedra sinica

50
Q

Latin: Nettles

A

Urtica dioica

51
Q

Latin: Mullein

A

Verbascum thapsus

52
Q

Latin: Biscuit root

A

Lomatium dissectum

53
Q

What term describes an herb that has a beneficial action on the heart and blood vessels but do not contain cardiac glycosides?

A

Cardiotonic

54
Q

What do crataegus, tilia, allium sativa, and leonurus have in common?

A

Cardiotonics

55
Q

What term describes a substance that improves blood flow through body tissues and are generally warming?

A

Circulatory stimulant

56
Q

What do capsicum, rosemary and zingiber have in common?

A

Circulatory stimulants

57
Q

Name three peripheral vasodilators.

A

Crataegus
Tilia
Gingko

58
Q

What do crataegus, rauwolfia, coleus, and viscum have in common?

A

Hypotensives

59
Q

What herbs are used for lipid disorders?

A 
Allium sativum
Allium cepa
Commiphora mukul
Cynara scolymus
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Monascus purpureus
Glycine max (lethicin)
60
Q

What low dose herbs are used for hypertension?

A

Rauwolfia serpentina
Veratrum viride
Gelsemium
Viscum album

61
Q

What foods (including leafs) are considered herbal diuretics?

A

Apium graveolens (celery)
Petroselinum (parsley)
Taraxacum
Urtica dioica

62
Q

What do solidago, uva-ursi, equisetum, gallium, and juniperus have in common?

A

Diuretics

63
Q

Latin: beets

A

Beta vulgaris

64
Q

What are beets useful for?

A 
Degenerative heart disease
Nitric oxide stimulator (bioconversion)
Acute hypotensive
Vasoprotective
Anti-platelet
65
Q

What is the genius and energy of Crataegus?

A 
Connects heart and spirit (doorway to the underworld)
Grounding/opening
Loss of vision (stuck in the mundane)
Profound strength
Openness and giving
Balance of opposites
Compassion, strength, flexibility
66
Q

What is safe dosing of Rauwolfia?

A

Whole root: 2 mgs qd-bid
Reserpine: 0.1 - 0.3 mg, bid-tid
Tincture: 0.1 mg reserpine per 4 - 8 qtts bid

67
Q

Why use Rauwolfia if it’s toxic?

A

It is the best hypotensive with fewest side effects

68
Q

What are side effects of small to medium doses of Rauwolfia?

A

Diarrhea, nasal congestion, drowsiness, and bradycardia

69
Q

What are side effects of large doses of Rauwolfia?

A

for psychosis > PD tremors sxs (reversible)

70
Q

What are some salicylate containing herbs?

A

salix(willow)
populous / cottonwood
Spiraea ulmaria (meadowsweet

71
Q

What are some anti-inflammatory analgesics?

A 
non-salicylate containing:
actaea racemosa
harpagophytum procumbens
tanacetum parthenium
boswellia serrata gum
zingiber
curcuma longa
pigmented fruit
72
Q

What are some hypnotic/spasmodic analgesics?

A 
Scutellaria lateriflora
eschscholzia californica
valeriana officinalis
passiflora incarnata
piscidia
lactuca virosa
73
Q

Topical analgesics

A

capsicum annum
wintergreen oil
arnica

74
Q

CNS/low dose analgesics

A 
Pulsatilla vulgaris
gelsemium sempervirens
bryonia alba
papaver somniferum
aconite napella
corydalis
75
Q

What is normal dosing for salix?

A

60-240 mg salicin daily
bark 1-20 d TID
tincture 5-8 ml TID 1:5 25%

76
Q 
What do the following herbs have in common?
Echinacea
Hydrastis
Calendula
Allium sativa
Lomatium 
Mahonia
Thymus
Achillea
A

Anti-microbial

77
Q 
What do these herbs have in common?
Achillea
Euphrasia
Hydrastis
Agrimonia
A

Astringent

78
Q 
What do these herbs have in common?
Echinacea
Andrographis
Propolis
Reishi
A

Immunomodulators

79
Q 
What can these herbs be used for?
Armoracia
Ephedra
Khella
Lobelia
Urtica
A

Decongestant

80
Q 
What do these herbs have in common?
Inula
Euphrasia
Verbascum
Salvia
Thymus
Achillea
A

Anticatarral

81
Q

What are two anti-viral herbs that might be helpful for pharyngitis?

A

Ligusticum

Lomatium

82
Q

Why does freeze drying nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas?

A

It keeps the hairs intact and doesn’t deactivate constituents

83
Q

What are the three steps of freeze drying herbs?

A

Remove water via sublimation
frozen to -30 C, then low pressure applied
Sublimation again to remove water before warming to room temperature

Bot Med III (2 decks)

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