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Bot Med III > Bot Med III Nagel Final > Flashcards

Bot Med III Nagel Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of fresh extracts?

A

Juice
green tincture
mother tincture

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2
Q

What are some types of liquid extracts of dried plant parts

A 
Decoctions
Infusions
Hydro-alcoholic (tinctures)
Spagyric extracts
Fluid extracts 1:1
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3
Q

What is a solid extract?

A

concentrated and standardized with original solvent removed, often 2:1 or higher.

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4
Q

What is the primary differences between Isolated constituents and Complex or Simplified Fractions?

A 
Isolated = purified and separated compounds from natural material (pharmaceuticals)
Complex = as many of a plants phytochemicals as possible (extracts)
Simplified = focused on select compounds (concentrated and standardized)
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5
Q

What are the basics of the Brinker Continuum of Herb Products?

A

(Least side effects)
Whole herb/native extracts/complex fractions > simplified fractions/isolated constituents
(most side effects)`

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6
Q

Name the players in the Hollywood method

A 
Screen writer = concept
Lead actor = primary herb
Supporting actor = secondary herb
Behind the scenes = supporting herbs
Director = activator or harmonizer
Producer = form of herbal product
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7
Q

Name some factors to consider about incompatibilities of tincture mixtures.

A 
Solubility
Fresh vs. dried
Polarity
pH
Precipitation
Temperature
Botanical matrix
Solvent used
Solvent percentage
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8
Q

What is maceration?

A

to soak and herb, fresh or dried, most common method, but it’s slow.

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9
Q

What is percolation?

A

slow passing through a powdered herb; fast

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10
Q

What are the advantages to alcohol tinctures?

A 
natural source
min 25% to preserve
best preservative & sanitizer
best solvent for 2nd plant constituents
Peripheral circulatory action
minimal processing
readily absorbed
convenient and versatile
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of alcohol tinctures?

A 
taste
high glycemic index
safety (kids, alcoholics, etc)
Compliance issues
cost issues
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12
Q

What are the advantages of glycerin tinctures?

A

decent solvent
good preservative
low glycemic index
sweet taste

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of glycerin tinctures?

A

unnatural/fat saponification
need 65% to stabilize
can cause diarrhea

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14
Q

Latin: American Ginseng

A

Panax quinquefolius (at risk)

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15
Q

Latin: BLACK cohosh

A

Actaea racemosa (cimicifuga)

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16
Q

Latin: Bloodroot

A

Sanguinaria canadensis (at risk)

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17
Q

Latin: BLUE cohosh

A

Caulophyllum thalictroides (at risk)

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18
Q

Latin: Eyebright

A

Euphrasia spp. (at risk)

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19
Q

Latin: False unicorn root

A

Chamaelirium luteum (at risk)

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20
Q

Latin: Goldenseal

A

Hydrastis canadensis (at risk)

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21
Q

Latin: Lady’s slipper orchid

A

Cypripedium spp. (at risk)

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22
Q

Latin: Lomatium

A

Lomatium dissectum (at risk)

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23
Q

Latin: Osha

A

Ligusticum porteri (at risk)

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24
Q

Latin: Peyote

A

Lophophora williamsii (at risk)

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25
Latin: Slippery elm
Ulmus rubra (at risk)
26
Latin: Sundew
Drosera spp. (at risk)
27
Latin: Trillium/Beth's root
Trillium spp. (at risk)
28
Latin: True unicorn
Aletris farinosa (at risk)
29
Latin: Venus' fly trap
Dionaea muscipula (at risk)
30
Latin: Virginia snakeroot
Aristolochia serpentaria (at risk)
31
Latin: Wild yam
Dioscorea villosa, D spp. (at risk)
32
Latin: Red yeast rice
Monascus purpureus
33
Latin: Artichoke leaf
Cynara scolymus
34
Latin: Guggul
Commiphora mukul
35
Latin: Fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecum
36
Latin: Garlic
Allium sativum
37
Latin: Hawthorne
Crataegus monogyna
38
Latin: Mistletoe
Viscum album
39
Latin: Indian snakeroot
Rauwolfia serpentine
40
Latin: Aconite/Monkshood/Wolfsbane/Friarscap
Aconitum napellus
41
Latin: Deadly nightshade
Atropa belladonna
42
Latin: Pukeweed
Lobelia inflata
43
Latin: willow
Salix spp.
44
Latin: Devil's claw
Harpagophytum procumbens
45
Latin: Feverfew
Tanacetum parthenium
46
Latin: Turmeric
Curcuma longa
47
Latin: Blackberry
Rubus fruiticosus
48
Latin: Black raspberry
Rubus occidentalis
49
Latin: Ma Huang
Ephedra sinica
50
Latin: Nettles
Urtica dioica
51
Latin: Mullein
Verbascum thapsus
52
Latin: Biscuit root
Lomatium dissectum
53
What term describes an herb that has a beneficial action on the heart and blood vessels but do not contain cardiac glycosides?
Cardiotonic
54
What do crataegus, tilia, allium sativa, and leonurus have in common?
Cardiotonics
55
What term describes a substance that improves blood flow through body tissues and are generally warming?
Circulatory stimulant
56
What do capsicum, rosemary and zingiber have in common?
Circulatory stimulants
57
Name three peripheral vasodilators.
Crataegus Tilia Gingko
58
What do crataegus, rauwolfia, coleus, and viscum have in common?
Hypotensives
59
What herbs are used for lipid disorders?
``` Allium sativum Allium cepa Commiphora mukul Cynara scolymus Trigonella foenum-graecum Monascus purpureus Glycine max (lethicin) ```
60
What low dose herbs are used for hypertension?
Rauwolfia serpentina Veratrum viride Gelsemium Viscum album
61
What foods (including leafs) are considered herbal diuretics?
Apium graveolens (celery) Petroselinum (parsley) Taraxacum Urtica dioica
62
What do solidago, uva-ursi, equisetum, gallium, and juniperus have in common?
Diuretics
63
Latin: beets
Beta vulgaris
64
What are beets useful for?
``` Degenerative heart disease Nitric oxide stimulator (bioconversion) Acute hypotensive Vasoprotective Anti-platelet ```
65
What is the genius and energy of Crataegus?
``` Connects heart and spirit (doorway to the underworld) Grounding/opening Loss of vision (stuck in the mundane) Profound strength Openness and giving Balance of opposites Compassion, strength, flexibility ```
66
What is safe dosing of Rauwolfia?
Whole root: 2 mgs qd-bid Reserpine: 0.1 - 0.3 mg, bid-tid Tincture: 0.1 mg reserpine per 4 - 8 qtts bid
67
Why use Rauwolfia if it's toxic?
It is the best hypotensive with fewest side effects
68
What are side effects of small to medium doses of Rauwolfia?
Diarrhea, nasal congestion, drowsiness, and bradycardia
69
What are side effects of large doses of Rauwolfia?
for psychosis > PD tremors sxs (reversible)
70
What are some salicylate containing herbs?
salix(willow) populous / cottonwood Spiraea ulmaria (meadowsweet
71
What are some anti-inflammatory analgesics?
``` non-salicylate containing: actaea racemosa harpagophytum procumbens tanacetum parthenium boswellia serrata gum zingiber curcuma longa pigmented fruit ```
72
What are some hypnotic/spasmodic analgesics?
``` Scutellaria lateriflora eschscholzia californica valeriana officinalis passiflora incarnata piscidia lactuca virosa ```
73
Topical analgesics
capsicum annum wintergreen oil arnica
74
CNS/low dose analgesics
``` Pulsatilla vulgaris gelsemium sempervirens bryonia alba papaver somniferum aconite napella corydalis ```
75
What is normal dosing for salix?
60-240 mg salicin daily bark 1-20 d TID tincture 5-8 ml TID 1:5 25%
76
``` What do the following herbs have in common? Echinacea Hydrastis Calendula Allium sativa Lomatium Mahonia Thymus Achillea ```
Anti-microbial
77
``` What do these herbs have in common? Achillea Euphrasia Hydrastis Agrimonia ```
Astringent
78
``` What do these herbs have in common? Echinacea Andrographis Propolis Reishi ```
Immunomodulators
79
``` What can these herbs be used for? Armoracia Ephedra Khella Lobelia Urtica ```
Decongestant
80
``` What do these herbs have in common? Inula Euphrasia Verbascum Salvia Thymus Achillea ```
Anticatarral
81
What are two anti-viral herbs that might be helpful for pharyngitis?
Ligusticum | Lomatium
82
Why does freeze drying nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas?
It keeps the hairs intact and doesn't deactivate constituents
83
What are the three steps of freeze drying herbs?
Remove water via sublimation frozen to -30 C, then low pressure applied Sublimation again to remove water before warming to room temperature

Bot Med III (2 decks)

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