bot med 1 Final Flashcards
What were the guiding principles of the Eclectic physicians?
Safe use of botanicals, moderation in use of drugs and surgery, exclusions of chemical poisons
What are some of the obstacles, past and present, to the promotion and preservation of the practice of herbalism in our society?
lack of publications by women, association with witchcraft
What features define the Naturopathic Herbalist?
Physician educated in biomechanical sciences
Gather knowledge of plants used around the world
Incorporate historical uses w/ modern clinical info & scientific studies
Understand phytochemistry in the context of whole plant medicine
Employ a knowledge of the energetics of herbal medicines to match specific indications to constitution and/or predicament of patient
Use multiple therapies to preserve wellness & treat illness (nutrition, homeopathy, physical medicine)
Physician + herbalist + botanist
Analgesic/anodyne
pain relief
Anthelminitic
expels worms
Antibiotic
bacteria
Antiemetic
stops vomiting
Antipyretic
reduces fever
Antiseptic
antimicrobial
Antispasmodic
reduces intensity of spasticity
Antitussive
relieves coughing
Aperient
gentle stimulant to bowels
Astringent
contracts tissues, reduces bleeding or exudate
Balsam
healing or soothing
Carminative
soothes digestive upset, expels gas
Cholagogue
inc flow of bile (gb)
choleretic
inc production of bile (liver)
Corrigent
modifies medicinal prep by adding flavor
Demulcent
mucilaginous
Depurative
cleanses and purifies system, esp blood (for a specific OS – as opposed to alternative)
Diaphoresis
promotes perspiration
Diuretic
inc output of urine
Emollient
moisturizers skin
Hemostatic
stops bleeding
Hypnotic
promoters sleep
Narcotic
relieves pain and induces sleep
Rubefacient
local irritant that inc circulation and erythema
Sedative
calming nerves w reduces alertness
Stomachic
affects function of stomach
Styptic
astringent that stops bleeding
Tonic
strengthens organ or OS
Vermicide
destroys worms
Vermifuge
stimulates expulsions of worms
Vulnerary
heals wounds
Define doctrine of signatures.
Humans ascribing qualities to herbs based on their action in the human body
What is organoleptic testing?
Using the senses to evaluate an herb for taste, smell, appearance, texture, energetics, quality, and indenting
Understand herbal energetics and tissue states.
Tense, hot, damp, lax, cold, dry
Define alterative.
Traditional conceived as “blood purifier” or “blood cleanser”
What are the indications for using an alterative?
Dysfunction, maldigestion, hypo function, toxemia, acne, chronic infection/inflam..
Trifolium pratense - Red Clover:
Red Clover: lymphogogue, high in phytoestrongens – use in hormone balance, Hoxsey anti cancer formula
Rumex spp - Yellow Dock, Curly Dock:
seat in digestive- bitter, mild lax but also astringent – helps tone tissues of gut
Mahonia spp - Oregon Grape, Barberry, Mahonia:
helps liver get rid of waste, berberine
Smilax spp. - Sarsaparilla:
alternative for the sex hormones
Arctium lappa – Burdock:
supports conditions of skin- eczema/psoriasis
Curcuma longa – Turmeric:
tridoshic, ant inflammatory esp on NF kappa B
Urtica dioica - Stinging Nettles:
anti-inflammatory, nourishing
Plant Morphology
Roots, stems, leaves, flowers
RHIZOMES ARE MODIFIED STEMS
CORMS ARE MODIFIED STEMS
Opposite and Whorles leaves are at same level
Medicago sativa – alfalfa:
phytoestrongen rich
Equisetum arvense – horsetail:
strengthen bone and CT, urinary tract, diuretic
Centella asiatica – Gotu Kola:
Sri Lankan drink, Vulnerary, nervine, trophy restorative for CT
Avena sativa
Milky oat seed, trophorestorative of nervous system
Urtica spp. – Nettle:
anti inflam, allergies, eczema, acne. ROOT for BPH
What is a lymphagogue?
Moves lymph, relieves congestion and edema, accelerating removal of waste products
What are the general indications for the use of lymphagogues?
Resolve infection or inflamm
Ceanothus americanus – Red Root:
specificity in lungs, pelvic lymphogogue, astringent
Gallium aparine – Cleavers:
lymphogogue of urinary tract
Phytolacca americana –Poke Root:
LOW DOSE, pharyngitis, hard painful glandular swellings. formerly in mastitis
Calendula officinalis – Calendula:
lymphogogue of BREAST. Chest, axils, inguinal creases.
Styllingia sylvatica – Queen’s Root:
LOW DOSE. Red, dry, mucous membranes.
Echinacea spp. – Echinacea:
immunosup my
Trifolium pratense – Red Clover:
lympgogue for liver
Echinacea spp. :
septicemia, high frequent doses.
Eupatorium perfoliatum – Boneset:
viral infx when pain sets into bones
Astragalas membranaceaus:
tissue regen, anti inflam, WBC count preservations for chemo pts. ImmunoMODULATOR- not an acute actor. Tissue integrity
Andrographis paniculata :
immunostim, URIs, topical for snake bites
Sambucus nigra – Elder:
antiVIRAL, tx of flu,
Flowers are more diaphoretic, used more for cough (expectorant)
Baptisia tinctora – Wild Indigo
LOW DOSE. Antiseptic, for low vital force
Trametes versicolor – Turkey Tail:
inc phagocytosis, NK response, ANTICANCER. Support bone marrow during cancer treatment
Grifola frondosa – Maitake
Antiviral
Ganoderma lucidum – Reishi:
anti-allergic – atopic constitution
What are the difining features of an adaptogen?
Nonspecific, inc power of resistance against stressors – physical, chemical, or biological
Eletherococcus senticosis : Siberian ginseng
energizing, build vitality, stimulate IS, protects from toxicity
(Mild CNS stimulant, fortifying,
(helps attenuate HANGOVER)
Panax ginseng: Asian ginseng
weakened state due to CHRONIC illness or stress, Aphrodisiac
Strengthens/tonifies qi
Panax quinquifolium: American ginseng
Nervine adaptogen
More calming – nervous dyspepsia, mental exhaustion
Oplopanax horridus: Devil’s club
energetic adaptogen-
protection around self-> shame, embarrassment
Withania somnifera: Ashwaganda
help sleep, insomnia, nervous mind, “stamina of the hORSE”, endocrine action
(Sleep formulas, reduce cortisol excess)
Rhodiola rosea: Golden Root
Stimulating, varying runs, for very high stress, fortify high altitude
(Wild card herb (varying reactions), improves memory/learning ability, high stress situations, high altitude, neurasthenia)
Schisandra chinensis:
tonifying to lungs, protective to tissues
Occimum sanctum: Tulsi
rat swim study- swims the longest! Inc ability to DO WORK
Glycyrrhiza glabra : Licorice
harmonized, synergistic, antiviral, cortisol studies
“Food of the adrenals”
Cordyceps sinensis:
mitochondrial function, improves reprod. function,
What is a nervine?
acts on nervous system
Nerve tonic:
improves tone & vigor or function of nerovous system
Avena sativum- Milky Oat Seed:
tonic, cognitive function, nervous EXHAUSTION
Scutellaria lateriflora –Skullcap:
used in children’s formulas
Humulus lupulus- Hops:
bitter, mild laxative, antimic
Valeriana officinalis – Valerian:
antispasmodic, sedative, used in HTN
Piper methysticum- Kava:
acute for anxiety. FAST ACTING.
Melissa officinalis- Lemon Balm:
uplifting antidepressant
Leonurus cardiaca –Motherwort:
sedative, slooows, cardiotonic
Hypericum perforatum - St. John’s Wort:
tonic, clinical depression. Neuralgia
Passiflora incarnata - Passion Flower:
anxiety. More generalized anxiety than acute like kava.
Matricaria recutita – Chamomile:
gentle carminative and nervine
Eschscholtzia californica- California Poppy:
anodyne and hypnotic, Great for kids, ADHD
Define demulcent, and understand how demulcents are used therapeutically.
Coating and soothing mucous membranes
Gentiana lutea – Gentian:
Quintessential bitter herb
Citrus spp. – Citrus Peel
Flavonoids of inner rind (white part) – not essential oil – drying, uplifting
Artemesia absinthum – Wormwood:
anthilmintic. LOW DOSE
Mahonia spp. – Oregon Grape:
gentle bitter, alterative
Foeniculum vulgare – fennel:
GI distress
Mentha piperita/spicata – peppermint/spearmint:
carminative, antispas. Peppermint is cephalic – energy to head.
Zingiber officinale – ginger:
circulatory stimulant, carminative, anti-emetic
Matricaria recutita - chamomile:
carminative, anti inflam , vulnerary
Angelica archangelica – Angelica:
carminative, aromatic. Inflamed mucous membranes.
Aloe spp. – Aloe Gel
Long chain polysaccharides, vulnerary (cooling for gastritis, ulcers)
Trigonella foenum-greacum – Fenugreek
Rich in mucilage
Arctium lappa – Burdock:
mild hepatic
Cichorium intybus – Chickory:
prebiotic, coffee sub, hepatoprotective
Chelidonium majus – Greater Celandine:
hepatotoxicity cases
Chionanthus virginicus – Fringe Tree:
cathartic in high doses. Jaundice
Curcuma longa – Turmeric:
hepatoprotective, antiinflam
Cynara scolymus – Artichoke Leaf:
cathartic in high doses. Jaundice
Mahonia spp. – Oregon Grape:
alterative, hepatic
Taraxicum officinale – Dandelion:
alerative, bitter digestive tonic
Silybum marianum – Milk Thistle:
trophorestorative of liver, hepatoprotective
What are the factors that effect the safety of botanical medicines?
Proposed mechanism of drug, of herb, what is the detoxification pathways that drug uses and herb effects.
What is the mechanism that is common to most herb/drug interactions?
Most potential interactions : does the herb speed or slow the P450 enzymes in the drug
Promoters clear the drug too fast: hypericum
Inhibitors potentiate an overdose: grapefruit juice
Centella asiatica:
Connective Tissue
Symphytum officinale
LOW DOSE
Effective tx of pain if applied topically
Hypericum perforatum:
Burns
Arnica spp.:
tissue trauma, bruises sprains and strains
Plantago spp. – Plantain
Parallel veination
Capsicum annuum – Cayenne:
antiinflam
Ginkgo biloba – Ginkgo:
nonhot, inc oxygenation to brain, integrity of microvasculature, antithrombotic
Piper nigrum – Black Pepper:
inc abs of various constituents including food, carminative
Rosmarinus officinalis – Rosemary:
overall stim, very tonifying. CNS, cognition, Rememberance, hypertensive herb- for pts with LOW bp
Zanthoxylum americanum – Prickly Ash:
mild cardiac stim, inc CO, dec capillary engorgment
What is a trophorestorative?
A nourishing, tissue-specific herb that is tonic
Safe over long period of use
Restores physical fxn to debilitated organ or organ system
Avena sativa:
NERVOUS
Urtica dioica seed:
KIDNEYS
Withania somnifera:
ENDOCRINE
Silybum marianum:
LIVER
Crataegus spp.:
HEART
Glycyrrhiza spp.
ADRENALS
Bacopa monniera:
BRAIN
Arctium lappa
skin
Centella asiatica
connective tissue
Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)
Eyes
