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bot med 1 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What were the guiding principles of the Eclectic physicians?

A

Safe use of botanicals, moderation in use of drugs and surgery, exclusions of chemical poisons

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2
Q

What are some of the obstacles, past and present, to the promotion and preservation of the practice of herbalism in our society?

A

lack of publications by women, association with witchcraft

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3
Q

What features define the Naturopathic Herbalist?

A

Physician educated in biomechanical sciences
Gather knowledge of plants used around the world
Incorporate historical uses w/ modern clinical info & scientific studies
Understand phytochemistry in the context of whole plant medicine
Employ a knowledge of the energetics of herbal medicines to match specific indications to constitution and/or predicament of patient
Use multiple therapies to preserve wellness & treat illness (nutrition, homeopathy, physical medicine)
Physician + herbalist + botanist

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4
Q

Analgesic/anodyne

A

pain relief

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5
Q

Anthelminitic

A

expels worms

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6
Q

Antibiotic

A

bacteria

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7
Q

Antiemetic

A

stops vomiting

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8
Q

Antipyretic

A

reduces fever

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9
Q

Antiseptic

A

antimicrobial

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10
Q

Antispasmodic

A

reduces intensity of spasticity

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11
Q

Antitussive

A

relieves coughing

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12
Q

Aperient

A

gentle stimulant to bowels

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13
Q

Astringent

A

contracts tissues, reduces bleeding or exudate

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14
Q

Balsam

A

healing or soothing

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15
Q

Carminative

A

soothes digestive upset, expels gas

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16
Q

Cholagogue

A

inc flow of bile (gb)

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17
Q

choleretic

A

inc production of bile (liver)

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18
Q

Corrigent

A

modifies medicinal prep by adding flavor

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19
Q

Demulcent

A

mucilaginous

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20
Q

Depurative

A

cleanses and purifies system, esp blood (for a specific OS – as opposed to alternative)

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21
Q

Diaphoresis

A

promotes perspiration

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22
Q

Diuretic

A

inc output of urine

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23
Q

Emollient

A

moisturizers skin

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24
Q

Hemostatic

A

stops bleeding

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25
Q

Hypnotic

A

promoters sleep

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26
Q

Narcotic

A

relieves pain and induces sleep

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27
Q

Rubefacient

A

local irritant that inc circulation and erythema

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28
Q

Sedative

A

calming nerves w reduces alertness

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29
Q

Stomachic

A

affects function of stomach

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30
Q

Styptic

A

astringent that stops bleeding

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31
Q

Tonic

A

strengthens organ or OS

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32
Q

Vermicide

A

destroys worms

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33
Q

Vermifuge

A

stimulates expulsions of worms

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34
Q

Vulnerary

A

heals wounds

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35
Q

Define doctrine of signatures.

A

Humans ascribing qualities to herbs based on their action in the human body

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36
Q

What is organoleptic testing?

A

Using the senses to evaluate an herb for taste, smell, appearance, texture, energetics, quality, and indenting

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37
Q

Understand herbal energetics and tissue states.

A

Tense, hot, damp, lax, cold, dry

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38
Q

Define alterative.

A

Traditional conceived as “blood purifier” or “blood cleanser”

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39
Q

What are the indications for using an alterative?

A

Dysfunction, maldigestion, hypo function, toxemia, acne, chronic infection/inflam..

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40
Q

Trifolium pratense - Red Clover:

A

Red Clover: lymphogogue, high in phytoestrongens – use in hormone balance, Hoxsey anti cancer formula

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41
Q

Rumex spp - Yellow Dock, Curly Dock:

A

seat in digestive- bitter, mild lax but also astringent – helps tone tissues of gut

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42
Q

Mahonia spp - Oregon Grape, Barberry, Mahonia:

A

helps liver get rid of waste, berberine

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43
Q

Smilax spp. - Sarsaparilla:

A

alternative for the sex hormones

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44
Q

Arctium lappa – Burdock:

A

supports conditions of skin- eczema/psoriasis

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45
Q

Curcuma longa – Turmeric:

A

tridoshic, ant inflammatory esp on NF kappa B

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46
Q

Urtica dioica - Stinging Nettles:

A

anti-inflammatory, nourishing

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47
Q

Plant Morphology

A

Roots, stems, leaves, flowers
RHIZOMES ARE MODIFIED STEMS
CORMS ARE MODIFIED STEMS
Opposite and Whorles leaves are at same level

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48
Q

Medicago sativa – alfalfa:

A

phytoestrongen rich

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49
Q

Equisetum arvense – horsetail:

A

strengthen bone and CT, urinary tract, diuretic

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50
Q

Centella asiatica – Gotu Kola:

A

Sri Lankan drink, Vulnerary, nervine, trophy restorative for CT

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51
Q

Avena sativa

A

Milky oat seed, trophorestorative of nervous system

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52
Q

Urtica spp. – Nettle:

A

anti inflam, allergies, eczema, acne. ROOT for BPH

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53
Q

What is a lymphagogue?

A

Moves lymph, relieves congestion and edema, accelerating removal of waste products

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54
Q

What are the general indications for the use of lymphagogues?

A

Resolve infection or inflamm

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55
Q

Ceanothus americanus – Red Root:

A

specificity in lungs, pelvic lymphogogue, astringent

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56
Q

Gallium aparine – Cleavers:

A

lymphogogue of urinary tract

57
Q

Phytolacca americana –Poke Root:

A

LOW DOSE, pharyngitis, hard painful glandular swellings. formerly in mastitis

58
Q

Calendula officinalis – Calendula:

A

lymphogogue of BREAST. Chest, axils, inguinal creases.

59
Q

Styllingia sylvatica – Queen’s Root:

A

LOW DOSE. Red, dry, mucous membranes.

60
Q

Echinacea spp. – Echinacea:

A

immunosup my

61
Q

Trifolium pratense – Red Clover:

A

lympgogue for liver

62
Q

Echinacea spp. :

A

septicemia, high frequent doses.

63
Q

Eupatorium perfoliatum – Boneset:

A

viral infx when pain sets into bones

64
Q

Astragalas membranaceaus:

A

tissue regen, anti inflam, WBC count preservations for chemo pts. ImmunoMODULATOR- not an acute actor. Tissue integrity

65
Q

Andrographis paniculata :

A

immunostim, URIs, topical for snake bites

66
Q

Sambucus nigra – Elder:

A

antiVIRAL, tx of flu,

Flowers are more diaphoretic, used more for cough (expectorant)

67
Q

Baptisia tinctora – Wild Indigo

A

LOW DOSE. Antiseptic, for low vital force

68
Q

Trametes versicolor – Turkey Tail:

A

inc phagocytosis, NK response, ANTICANCER. Support bone marrow during cancer treatment

69
Q

Grifola frondosa – Maitake

A

Antiviral

70
Q

Ganoderma lucidum – Reishi:

A

anti-allergic – atopic constitution

71
Q

What are the difining features of an adaptogen?

A

Nonspecific, inc power of resistance against stressors – physical, chemical, or biological

72
Q

Eletherococcus senticosis : Siberian ginseng

A

energizing, build vitality, stimulate IS, protects from toxicity
(Mild CNS stimulant, fortifying,
(helps attenuate HANGOVER)

73
Q

Panax ginseng: Asian ginseng

A

weakened state due to CHRONIC illness or stress, Aphrodisiac

Strengthens/tonifies qi

74
Q

Panax quinquifolium: American ginseng

A

Nervine adaptogen

More calming – nervous dyspepsia, mental exhaustion

75
Q

Oplopanax horridus: Devil’s club

A

energetic adaptogen-

protection around self-> shame, embarrassment

76
Q

Withania somnifera: Ashwaganda

A

help sleep, insomnia, nervous mind, “stamina of the hORSE”, endocrine action
(Sleep formulas, reduce cortisol excess)

77
Q

Rhodiola rosea: Golden Root

A

Stimulating, varying runs, for very high stress, fortify high altitude

(Wild card herb (varying reactions), improves memory/learning ability, high stress situations, high altitude, neurasthenia)

78
Q

Schisandra chinensis:

A

tonifying to lungs, protective to tissues

79
Q

Occimum sanctum: Tulsi

A

rat swim study- swims the longest! Inc ability to DO WORK

80
Q

Glycyrrhiza glabra : Licorice

A

harmonized, synergistic, antiviral, cortisol studies

“Food of the adrenals”

81
Q

Cordyceps sinensis:

A

mitochondrial function, improves reprod. function,

82
Q

What is a nervine?

A

acts on nervous system

83
Q

Nerve tonic:

A

improves tone & vigor or function of nerovous system

84
Q

Avena sativum- Milky Oat Seed:

A

tonic, cognitive function, nervous EXHAUSTION

85
Q

Scutellaria lateriflora –Skullcap:

A

used in children’s formulas

86
Q

Humulus lupulus- Hops:

A

bitter, mild laxative, antimic

87
Q

Valeriana officinalis – Valerian:

A

antispasmodic, sedative, used in HTN

88
Q

Piper methysticum- Kava:

A

acute for anxiety. FAST ACTING.

89
Q

Melissa officinalis- Lemon Balm:

A

uplifting antidepressant

90
Q

Leonurus cardiaca –Motherwort:

A

sedative, slooows, cardiotonic

91
Q

Hypericum perforatum - St. John’s Wort:

A

tonic, clinical depression. Neuralgia

92
Q

Passiflora incarnata - Passion Flower:

A

anxiety. More generalized anxiety than acute like kava.

93
Q

Matricaria recutita – Chamomile:

A

gentle carminative and nervine

94
Q

Eschscholtzia californica- California Poppy:

A

anodyne and hypnotic, Great for kids, ADHD

95
Q

Define demulcent, and understand how demulcents are used therapeutically.

A

Coating and soothing mucous membranes

96
Q

Gentiana lutea – Gentian:

A

Quintessential bitter herb

97
Q

Citrus spp. – Citrus Peel

A

Flavonoids of inner rind (white part) – not essential oil – drying, uplifting

98
Q

Artemesia absinthum – Wormwood:

A

anthilmintic. LOW DOSE

99
Q

Mahonia spp. – Oregon Grape:

A

gentle bitter, alterative

100
Q

Foeniculum vulgare – fennel:

A

GI distress

101
Q

Mentha piperita/spicata – peppermint/spearmint:

A

carminative, antispas. Peppermint is cephalic – energy to head.

102
Q

Zingiber officinale – ginger:

A

circulatory stimulant, carminative, anti-emetic

103
Q

Matricaria recutita - chamomile:

A

carminative, anti inflam , vulnerary

104
Q

Angelica archangelica – Angelica:

A

carminative, aromatic. Inflamed mucous membranes.

105
Q

Aloe spp. – Aloe Gel

A

Long chain polysaccharides, vulnerary (cooling for gastritis, ulcers)

106
Q

Trigonella foenum-greacum – Fenugreek

A

Rich in mucilage

107
Q

Arctium lappa – Burdock:

A

mild hepatic

108
Q

Cichorium intybus – Chickory:

A

prebiotic, coffee sub, hepatoprotective

109
Q

Chelidonium majus – Greater Celandine:

A

hepatotoxicity cases

110
Q

Chionanthus virginicus – Fringe Tree:

A

cathartic in high doses. Jaundice

111
Q

Curcuma longa – Turmeric:

A

hepatoprotective, antiinflam

112
Q

Cynara scolymus – Artichoke Leaf:

A

cathartic in high doses. Jaundice

113
Q

Mahonia spp. – Oregon Grape:

A

alterative, hepatic

114
Q

Taraxicum officinale – Dandelion:

A

alerative, bitter digestive tonic

115
Q

Silybum marianum – Milk Thistle:

A

trophorestorative of liver, hepatoprotective

116
Q

What are the factors that effect the safety of botanical medicines?

A

Proposed mechanism of drug, of herb, what is the detoxification pathways that drug uses and herb effects.

117
Q

What is the mechanism that is common to most herb/drug interactions?

A

Most potential interactions : does the herb speed or slow the P450 enzymes in the drug
Promoters clear the drug too fast: hypericum
Inhibitors potentiate an overdose: grapefruit juice

118
Q

Centella asiatica:

A

Connective Tissue

119
Q

Symphytum officinale

A

LOW DOSE

Effective tx of pain if applied topically

120
Q

Hypericum perforatum:

A

Burns

121
Q

Arnica spp.:

A

tissue trauma, bruises sprains and strains

122
Q

Plantago spp. – Plantain

A

Parallel veination

123
Q

Capsicum annuum – Cayenne:

A

antiinflam

124
Q

Ginkgo biloba – Ginkgo:

A

nonhot, inc oxygenation to brain, integrity of microvasculature, antithrombotic

125
Q

Piper nigrum – Black Pepper:

A

inc abs of various constituents including food, carminative

126
Q

Rosmarinus officinalis – Rosemary:

A

overall stim, very tonifying. CNS, cognition, Rememberance, hypertensive herb- for pts with LOW bp

127
Q

Zanthoxylum americanum – Prickly Ash:

A

mild cardiac stim, inc CO, dec capillary engorgment

128
Q

What is a trophorestorative?

A

A nourishing, tissue-specific herb that is tonic
Safe over long period of use
Restores physical fxn to debilitated organ or organ system

129
Q

Avena sativa:

A

NERVOUS

130
Q

Urtica dioica seed:

A

KIDNEYS

131
Q

Withania somnifera:

A

ENDOCRINE

132
Q

Silybum marianum:

A

LIVER

133
Q

Crataegus spp.:

A

HEART

134
Q

Glycyrrhiza spp.

A

ADRENALS

135
Q

Bacopa monniera:

A

BRAIN

136
Q

Arctium lappa

A

skin

137
Q

Centella asiatica

A

connective tissue

138
Q

Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)

A

Eyes

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