Bordeaux - NW Coast France Flashcards
Bordeaux - Grapes:
~ Red ~
Main = Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc,
Other = Petit Verdot, Malbec, Carmènere
~ White ~
Main = Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle
Max 30% = Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Colombard
Other:
Carmenère = virtually extinct in the region.
- Dry whites: Generally labeled sec
- Clairet: a darker, more aromatic style of rosé
- Best White Wines: (whether dry or off-dry) creamy, waxy texture while emitting unique aromas of honey + beeswax.
- Bordeaux family of grapes = natural affinity for oak.
Bordeaux - Regulations:
Appellation d’Origine Contrôlee / Protégée (AOC/AOP)
Vin de Pays / Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP)
Vin de France (formerly Table Wine)
Aging Requirements:
- The best white wines typically spend a year to 16 months in barrel.
Production Notes:
- “Bordeaux mixture” = lime, copper sulfate + water—is applied throughout the region to avoid fungal problems
1855 Classification System:
“Growths” 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th - Reflect who was selling their wine for the most in 1855 according to merchants
Unlike grand cru vineyards of Burgundy, properties of Bordeaux hold status rather than the land itself, so vineyards may be classified or declassified as it changes ownership.
More Details:
The INAO awarded 1st AOCs in 1936; by 2011 = 480+ AOC , + over 50% of France’s wines were released as AOC—not intention of system’s original proponents, who wished to protect + enshrine France’s most valuable wines. Like most appellation systems, France’s AOC became a bloated category + one not necessarily indicative of quality.
Bordeaux - Terroir:
~ General Location ~
SW of France, Atlantic Coast
~ Climate ~
Maritime - More Continental toward St-Émilion + Pomerol.
Winters = short
Springtime Damp/Wet Can = severe mold + rot
Springtime Frost Can = coulure + millerandage drop yields
Summers Can = high temperatures
Less marginal than Loire, Burgundy or Champagne, is nonetheless varied enough to produce wide vintage variation
~ Unique Features/Influences ~
- Atlantic + Gironde estuary = moderating influences, protecting vines from winter freezes and spring frost.
- Autumn Humidity in sweet wine districts; Graves = Celebration due to development of noble rot
- Coastal pine forests protect Médoc vineyards from harsh west and northwesterly winds, rain is a worry, especially at harvest.
Soils BF:
Clay, Gravel, Limstone, Sand
Bordeaux - Producers:
4-5 Major/Well Know Producers + why/what + Soil =
Château Margaux 1G Paulliac - opulence + perfume
Château Cos d’Estournel 2G - Polished, ample, super-
concentrated, Atypical St Estèphe, 80% new oak
Château Ducru-Beaucaillou S2G st Julien - rich, polished,
dense++
Château Palmer 5G Margaux AOP- Comparison w/ Ch. Margaux, = more supple + slightly more approachable in youth, RARE 60%+ new oak
Château Léoville-Las-Cases S2G st Julien - Paulliac style
concentration + richness rather than elegance
More Details:
—-Château Margaux
Highly regarded for its opulence + perfume rather than power 85-90% Cabernet Sauvignon, supported by Merlot, small amounts: Cabernet Franc + Petit Verdot
Margaux AOP, Premier Grand Cru Classé, Médoc
—-Château Cos d’Estournel
Saint-Estèphe, 1811, 2nd growth, Médoc
St-Estèphe has a reputation for producing rugged/rustic wines, Cos d’Estournel = opposite local style. Polished, ample, + super-concentrated, atypical. Recently focused on Cabernet Sauv, up to 75-85% of blend, from ‘90s through 2002 grand vin more likely contained 35-45% Merlot. 80% new oak = rule.
—-Château Ducru-Beaucaillou
Saint-Julien, Super 2nd growth, Médoc
typically 80-85% Cabernet Sauv + ages for 18 mo. in 50-80% new oak. A Parker favorite in new millennium, modern wines are typically rich, polished, + very dense.
—-Château Palmer
Margaux AOP, château in Margaux, vineyards mostly in Cantenac, 1814 3G, Médoc
grand vin blend typically mirrors the estate’s encépagement, - nearly equal proportions of Cabernet Sauv + Merlot + small addition of Petit Verdot. Comparison with Château Margaux, wine here = more supple + slightly more approachable in youth, yet it still has the capacity for long aging. With the higher proportion of Merlot in the blend, Château Palmer rarely 60%+ new oak. élevage lasts up to 20 mo. Alter Ego includes an even greater percentage of Merlot + typically aged in 1/3 new oak.
—-Château Léoville-Las-Cases
Saint-Julien AOP, 1638, Super 2nd growth, Médoc,
Pauillac-like style of Saint-Julien, + veers toward concentration + richness rather than elegance. Cabernet Sauv usually accounts min 75% of grand vin, + top wine is aged in 75% new oak. Eestate pioneered green harvesting late 1980s + not afraid to employ modern technologies; reverse osmosis in its hunt for power, ripeness, depth— +desire to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with 5 x 1Gs
—————————————————————-BF——-
Château Pichon-Longueville, Comtesse de Lalande
Pauillac AOC, 2nd Growth Medoc
Château Latour Pauillac AOC, Premier Grand Cru Classé, Médoc Château Lynch-Bages Pauillac AOC, 5th growth, Médoc Château Pontet-Canet Pauillac AOP, neighboring Grand-Puy-Ducasse + Mouton-Rothschild, Cinquième Grand Cru Classe, Médoc Château Lafite-Rothschild Pauillac AOC, Premier Grand Cru Classé, Médoc Château Léoville-Barton Saint-Julien 2nd growth, Médoc Château Calon-Segur Saint-Estèphe 3rd growth, Médoc Château Rauzan-Ségla Margaux AOC 2nd growth, Médoc Château Montrose Saint-Estèphe 2nd growth, Médoc Château Cantemerle Haut-Médoc AOC, 5th growth, Médoc Château Sociando-Mallet Haut-Médoc AOC, St-Seurin-de-Cadourne (N of Saint-Estèphe) Château Mouton-Rothschild Pauillac AOC, 1stG, Paulliac Château Beychevelle Saint-Julien, 4th growth, Médoc Château Pichon-Longueville Pauillac AOC, 2nd growth, Médoc Château Malescot-Saint-Exupéry Margaux AOC 3rdG, Médoc Château Lascombes Margaux AOC 2nd growth, Médoc Château Chasse-Spleen Moulis-en-Médoc AOC Château Giscours Margaux AOC, Labarde, 3rd growth, Médoc Château Léoville-Poyferré Saint-Julien, 1840, 2nd growth, Médoc Château Poujeaux Moulis-en-Médoc AOC
Bordeaux - Left Bank(SW Bank):
Grapes:
(Médoc + Graves) Cabernet Sauvignon comprises approximately two-thirds of the blend and Merlot, Cabernet Franc and the other varieties make up the remainder.
~ Medoc ~ (AOP wines must be red) Médoc AOP Haut-Médoc AOP St-Estèphe AOP Pauillac AOP St-Julien AOP Margaux AOP Listrac-Médoc AOP - Minor Moulis-en-Médoc AOP - Minor
~ Graves ~ Graves AOP Pessac-Léognan AOP Graves Supérieur AOP - Cérons, Barsac + Sauternes Sauternes AOP - Dessert!
Climates:
Bordeaux - Right Bank(NE Bank):
St-Émilion AOP
Pomerol AOP
St-Émilion Grand Cru AOP - additional + 0.5% alcohol +
undergo a longer élevage
Lalande-de-Pomerol AOP - Fronsac AOP, and Canon-
Fronsac AOP
Grapes:
Merlot + Cabernet Franc typically dominate blends, at 3/4 + 1/4 respectively.
Bordeaux - 1st Growths:
Memorize
Most expensive Red wines in 1855, Premiers Crus:
Château Lafite Rothschild, Pauillac
Château Latour, Pauillac
Château Margaux, Margaux
Château Haut-Brion, Graves
Château Mouton Rothschild, Pauillac: Originally a 2nd growth, elevated in 1973.
Bordeaux - 2nd Deuxièmes Crus + 3rd Growths:
2nd Growths BF:
~Château Cos d’Estournel, Saint-Estèphe
Château Montrose, Saint-Estèphe
Château Pichon Longueville Baron, Pauillac
Château Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande, Pauillac
Château Léoville-Las Cases, Saint-Julien
Château Léoville-Poyferré, Saint-Julien
~Château Léoville Barton, Saint-Julien
Château Gruaud-Larose, Saint-Julien
~Château Ducru-Beaucaillou, Saint-Julien
Château Rauzan-Ségla, Margaux
Château Rauzan-Gassies, Margaux
Château Durfort-Vivens, Margaux
Château Lascombes, Margaux
Château Brane-Cantenac, Cantenac-Margaux, Margaux
3rd Growths BF:
Château Calon-Ségur, Saint-Estèphe
Château Lagrange, Saint-Julien
Château Langoa Barton, Saint-Julien
Château Malescot-Saint-Exupéry, Margaux
Château Desmirail, Margaux
Château Ferrière, Margaux
Château Marquis d’Alesme Becker, Margaux
Château Kirwan, Cantenac-Margaux, Margaux
Château d’Issan, Cantenac-Margaux, Margaux
Château Boyd-Cantenac, Cantenac-Margaux, Margaux
Château Cantenac-Brown, Cantenac-Margaux, Margaux
~Château Palmer, Cantenac-Margaux, Margaux
Château Giscours, Labarde-Margaux, Margaux
Château La Lagune, Ludon, Haut-Medoc
Bordeaux - 4th Quatrièmes Crus + 5th Growths Cinquièmes Crus:
4th Growths BF:
Château Lafon-Rochet, Saint-Estèphe
Château Duhart-Milon-Rothschild, Pauillac
Château Saint-Pierre, Saint-Julien
Château Talbot, Saint-Julien
Château Branaire-Ducru, Saint-Julien
Château Beychevelle, Saint-Julien
Château Marquis de Terme, Margaux
Château Pouget, Cantenac-Margaux (Margaux)
Château Prieuré-Lichine, Cantenac-Margaux (Margaux)
Château La Tour Carnet, Saint-Laurent (Haut-Médoc)
5th growths BF: Château Cos Labory, Saint-Estèphe ~Château Pontet-Canet, Pauillac Château Batailley, Pauillac Château Haut-Batailley, Pauillac Château Haut-Bages-Libéral, Pauillac Château Grand-Puy-Lacoste, Pauillac Château Grand-Puy-Ducasse, Pauillac ~Château Lynch-Bages, Pauillac Château Lynch-Moussas, Pauillac Château d'Armailhac, Pauillac: AKA Mouton-Baronne-Philippe from 1933-1988. Château Pédesclaux, Pauillac Château Clerc-Milon, Pauillac Château Croizet Bages, Pauillac Château Dauzac, Labarde (Margaux) Château du Tertre, Arsac (Margaux) Château Belgrave, Saint-Laurent (Haut-Médoc) Château de Camensac, Saint-Laurent (Haut-Médoc) Château Cantemerle, Macau (Haut-Médoc)
Bordeaux - Rivers:
Gironde Estuary - Flows in to Atlantic Ocean
Garonne River - SW ish fork
Dordogne River - NE ish Fork
Bordeaux - Major Attributes:
NW Coast of France
Largest wine Appellation Total Vineyard= 306,000 Acres
2nd largest in volume of production (1st = Langudoc)
Red, White, Rose, Sweet + Sparkling
Bordeaux - Classification System of 18??:
Began = 1855, started by merchants, based solely on expensiveness of wines sold in 1855. Not strictly indicative of quality.
Price Tiers = 1st Growth - 2nd Growth - 3rd Growth - 4th Growth - 5th Growth
Bordeaux - Appellation d’Origine Contrôlee / Protégée (AOC/AOP):
~ Top Tier - Bordeaux ~ 100% stated varietal - Six grapes in AOP red wines: Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Cabernet Franc Petit Verdot Malbec Carmènere
- a top Château in one of the commune appellations will often age its red wines for up to two years in barriques (225-liter capacity barrels), a large % of which will be new each vintage
Bordeaux - Vin de Pays / Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP):
~ Middle Tier - Bordeaux ~
85% stated varietal
Bordeaux - Vin de France (formerly Table Wine):
~ Lowest Tier - Bordeaux ~
Bordeaux AOP - France:
Red, White, Rose, Clairet
- base level of quality, may be produced throughout the entire Bordeaux region
- provides a framework for understanding of the region’s style
- may only age their wine for a short period in used barrels of larger size
Red Grapes:
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Malbec, Carmènere
White Grapes:
Dominate = Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle
Max 30% = Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, and Colombard are restricted to a maximum proportion of 30%.
Rose Bordeaux - Clairet:
a darker, more aromatic style of Rosé that evokes the original claret wines shipped to England in the Middle Ages
Red Bordeaux - Merlot:
most widely planted grape in Bordeaux + earliest grape to ripen, prefers clay-based soils; they delay its natural vigor
- contributes a fleshy, juicy texture that can soften the austerity of Cabernet Sauvignon
Red Bordeaux - Cabernet Sauvignon:
- performs admirably in well-drained gravel, which allows the vine’s root system to dig deeply while slight water stress adds concentration to the fruit. The grape has difficulty ripening in colder limestone + clay soils.
- highly pigmented + tannic gives structure, power, + longevity
Red Bordeaux - Cabernet Franc:
excels in limestone-based soils, which promote acidity + freshness.
- more tannic grape than Merlot but less muscular or weighty than Cabernet Sauvignon, imparts herbal spice + red fruit aromatics.