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TB > Borbor Class > Flashcards

Borbor Class Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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2
Q

Who first isolated the tuberculosis bacterium, and in what year?

A

Robert Koch in 1882.

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3
Q

Which organs are primarily affected by tuberculosis?

A

The lungs, though other organs can also be affected.

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4
Q

What is the risk of TB bacteria becoming active from a dormant state?

A

5.1

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5
Q

What type of TB is transmitted through unpasteurized milk?

A

Bovine TB (Atypical TB).

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6
Q

Which groups are at higher risk of developing active TB?

A

Young children and those with compromised immune systems.

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7
Q

What tests confirm bacteriological pulmonary TB?

A

Xpert MTB/RIF and microscopy.

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8
Q

How is pulmonary TB different from extra-pulmonary TB?

A

Pulmonary TB affects the lungs, while extra-pulmonary TB affects other organs.

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9
Q

How does the Mantoux test indicate TB exposure?

A

It measures exposure to TB antigens, not active TB disease.

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10
Q

What does Isoniazid target in mycobacteria?

A

It inhibits the assembly of mycolic acid.

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11
Q

What is the role of Rifampicin in TB treatment?

A

It blocks transcription by binding to the ?-subunit of RNA polymerase.

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12
Q

Which combination of drugs is commonly used to treat TB?

A

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin.

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13
Q

What is the BCG vaccine derived from, and who benefits most from it?

A

Derived from Mycobacterium bovis, it benefits infants and young children.

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14
Q

How long does it take for GeneXpert to provide TB diagnostic results?

A

2 hours.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the BCG vaccine in tuberculosis control?

A

To prevent tuberculosis, especially in infants and young children.

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16
Q

Which age groups are at higher risk for the progression of tuberculosis?

A

Children and the elderly.

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17
Q

How does tobacco use aid in the progression of tuberculosis?

A

It causes ciliary dysfunction, reduces immune response, and affects macrophage function.

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18
Q

In what way does alcohol consumption impact tuberculosis progression?

A

It impairs the immune system and can reactivate latent tuberculosis.

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19
Q

Why are steroids a risk factor for tuberculosis progression?

A

They cause immune suppression.

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20
Q

Which gender is more affected by tuberculosis globally, and what is the average ratio?

A

Males, with a ratio of 1.8:1.

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21
Q

How does under-nourishment affect tuberculosis progression?

A

It weakens the immune system, aiding disease progression.

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22
Q

Name diseases that can aid in the progression of tuberculosis due to defects in cell-mediated immunity.

A

Diabetes mellitus, HIV, leukemia, and measles.

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23
Q

How does measles influence the progression of tuberculosis?

A

It can activate latent infection or worsen active disease by suppressing delayed-type hypersensitivity.

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24
Q

What environmental factors contribute to the progression of tuberculosis?

A

Poverty, poor environments, and overcrowding.

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25
Q

What does pulmonary TB (PTB) involve, and how is it classified?

A

PTB involves the lungs and can be bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed.

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26
Q

How is bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB diagnosed?

A

Through tests like Xpert MTB/RIF, microscopy, TB LAM, or culture.

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27
Q

What does extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) involve, and how is it classified?

A

EPTB involves organs other than the lungs and can be bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed.

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28
Q

What laboratory tests confirm extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB)?

A

Xpert MTB/RIF, microscopy, TB LAM, or culture.

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29
Q

What does “exposure” mean in the context of tuberculosis transmission?

A

Spending time with someone who has infectious TB disease.

30
Q

What happens during the “infection” stage of tuberculosis?

A

A person breathes in TB bacteria and carries dormant bacteria without symptoms.

31
Q

What characterizes the “disease” stage in tuberculosis progression?

A

The person becomes unwell with TB symptoms as bacteria multiply.

32
Q

How does TB infection differ from TB disease in terms of bacterial activity?

A

In TB infection, bacilli are dormant; in TB disease, bacilli are multiplying.

33
Q

Can a person with latent TB infection transmit the disease to others?

A

No, only a person with active TB disease can transmit TB.

34
Q

What is the role of TB preventive therapy (TPT) in latent TB infection?

A

TPT prevents progression to TB disease.

35
Q

What significant change in TB treatment occurred in Ghana in 2017?

A

The Cat II TB treatment regimen was phased out.

36
Q

What diagnostic tool is recommended in Ghana to increase TB detection sensitivity?

A

GeneXpert and culture facility.

37
Q

What classical changes might be seen on a chest X-ray for TB?

A

Upper zone patchy or nodular shadows and cavitations.

38
Q

What is the first-line test for diagnosing TB according to the NTP guidelines in Ghana?

A

Gene Xpert/MTB-Rif test.

39
Q

Why is GeneXpert particularly useful for TB diagnosis in certain patients?

A

It detects AFB in smear-negative patients like PLHIV.

40
Q

How soon can GeneXpert provide results for TB diagnosis?

A

Within 2 hours.

41
Q

What type of sputum specimen is required for accurate TB diagnosis?

A

A good specimen of 3-5 mL containing solid or purulent material.

42
Q

What role does digital X-ray play in TB diagnosis?

A

It aids in diagnosing TB, especially when combined with GeneXpert.

43
Q

Why is saliva not a good specimen for TB diagnosis?

A

It lacks sufficient solid or purulent material needed for accurate testing.

44
Q

What is the first stage in the transmission of tuberculosis?

A

Exposure to a person with infectious TB disease.

45
Q

What occurs during the infection stage of TB?

A

A person breathes in TB bacteria and carries dormant bacteria without symptoms.

46
Q

How does TB progress from infection to disease?

A

The bacteria multiply, causing the person to show signs and symptoms of TB.

47
Q

What is a granuloma in the context of TB infection?

A

A structure formed by white cells to contain the TB infection in its latent stage.

48
Q

What distinguishes latent TB infection from active TB disease?

A

Latent TB has dormant bacteria and no symptoms; active TB has multiplying bacteria and symptoms.

49
Q

Can a person with latent TB infection spread the disease to others?

A

No, only individuals with active TB disease can transmit TB.

50
Q

How does TB preventive therapy (TPT) help in latent TB infection?

A

TPT prevents the progression to active TB disease.

51
Q

What is the purpose of TB treatment during the active phase?

A

To cure the disease, prevent death, and stop transmission.

52
Q

What significant update in TB management occurred in Ghana in 2013?

A

A TB prevalence survey led to changes in diagnosis guided by new screening algorithms.

53
Q

What happened to the Cat II TB treatment regimen in Ghana in 2017?

A

It was phased out as a first-line re-treatment regimen.

54
Q

What advancement in TB treatment was introduced in 2018 in Ghana?

A

A standard shorter MDR-TB regimen.

55
Q

Why is GeneXpert preferred for diagnosing TB over smear microscopy?

A

GeneXpert is more sensitive and provides results quickly.

56
Q

What are some classical chest X-ray findings in TB patients?

A

Upper zone patchy or nodular shadows and cavitations.

57
Q

What is the current policy for diagnosing TB in Ghana according to the NTP?

A

The first line of diagnosis is the Gene Xpert/MTB-Rif test.

58
Q

Why is awareness about TB and its risks important for vulnerable individuals?

A

It helps in early recognition and treatment of TB in those at higher risk.

59
Q

What should be considered for patients with a chronic cough not responding to antibiotics?

A

The possibility of tuberculosis should be considered.

60
Q

Why is screening important for migrants from high TB prevalence countries?

A

To identify and treat individuals with symptoms of TB.

61
Q

What is the relationship between HIV infection and TB?

A

The possibility of HIV infection should be considered in all TB cases.

62
Q

Why is a surveillance network important in TB management?

A

For prompt case detection and necessary action.

63
Q

What measures should be taken for individuals with active TB infection?

A

Isolate or quarantine them and treat aggressively.

64
Q

What is the BCG vaccine, and how is it administered?

A

A live attenuated bacilli vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis, administered percutaneously (0.2-0.3 ml).

65
Q

How does the BCG vaccine help in TB prevention?

A

It offers protection from active TB, especially in infants and young children.

66
Q

Why might TB still occur in adults despite childhood BCG vaccination?

A

Adults exposed to virulent TB bacilli can still develop the disease.

67
Q

What is the purpose of the tuberculin test after BCG vaccination?

A

To check for immunity; if negative, the vaccination may need to be repeated.

68
Q

What are the first-line drugs for TB treatment?

A

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, and Streptomycin (HRZES).

69
Q

Name a few second-line drugs used in TB treatment.

A

Capreomycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Cycloserine, and Ethionamide Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin.

70
Q

How do first-line TB drugs compare to second-line drugs?

A

First-line drugs have higher efficacy and an acceptable degree of toxicity.

TB (1 decks)

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