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Training > Boots on the Moon "SPACE_200" > Flashcards

Boots on the Moon "SPACE_200" Flashcards

1
Q

Define a System as it applies to the system engineering process?

A

An integrated composite of people, products & processes that provide a capability to satisfy…

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2
Q

Systems Engineering Turns…?

A

Needs into Capabilities

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3
Q

What are the three basic elements illustrated in the systems Engineering “V”?

A

Design
Control
Realize

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4
Q

4 parts of the systems engineering universe?

A

Cost
schedule
Performance
Risk

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5
Q

Six tasks in the space mission design process?

A
  1. Develop a clear mission need statement
  2. From users goals define mission objectives
  3. Develop a logical conops
  4. Derive Mission Requirements
  5. Investigate alternative mission conops
  6. Select baseline concept
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6
Q

Purpose of CONOPS/ Operational View 1 (OV-1)?

A

Scope the system
Identify Integration/parts
Share with stakeholders

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7
Q

3 cost estimation methods?

A

Detailed bottoms up
Parametric Estimating
Analogy Based Estimating

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8
Q

Describe weightless feeling on orbit?

A

Free fall, velocity maintains a constant fall around the earth.

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9
Q

What happens to a satellites speed as it gets closer to earth?

A

Speeds up, faster

Kepler’s Second Law “equal areas covered”

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10
Q

According to Kepler’s third law, the square of the satellites orbital period is proportional to what?

A

Cube of the average distance to the sun

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11
Q

If the distance between two masses triples, will the gravitational force between the two objects increase or decrease? by how much?

A

Decrease
Inverse Square Law
1/R^2 AKA decrease by a factor of 9

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12
Q

How does an orbit’s total energy at perigee compare to its total energy at apogee?

A 
Total energy remains unchanged
KE+PE=Total energy
//
At perigee KE is greater 
At apogee PE is greater
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13
Q

How does angular momentum compare at perigee compare to at apogee?

A

Angular momentum must remain constant
Equal
?

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14
Q

Classical Orbital Elements (COE)

A 
Semimajor Axis (a)- Orbit size
Eccentricity (e)- Shape/ellipse
Inclination(i)- Tilt, measured at ?
Right ascension of the ASC node() - 
Argument at perigee()-
Ture Anomaly (v)-
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15
Q

4 Common Orbit Types?

A

Sunsync
MEO Semi Sync
HIO
Geosynchronous

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16
Q

The Six Space Environment Effects Areas?

A 
Gravity (covered previously)
Atmosphere/Neutral
Vacuum
Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris
Plasma/Charged Particles
Radiation
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17
Q

Levels of Earths Atmosphere?

A 
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
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18
Q

Orbit changed from LEO to MEO would change what hazards?

  1. Vacuum
  2. EM Radiation
  3. Charged Particles
  4. Neutral Atm particles
  5. MMOD
A 
#3 charged particles Worse
#4 Drag better
#5 MMOD better
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19
Q

How does atmospheric drag affect spacecraft?

A

Slows and deorbits

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20
Q

How does the solar cycle affect the frag forces experienced by a spacecraft?

A

Solar cycle affects expansion and contraction of the drag area…

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21
Q

Most significant impact of the plasma environment on the spacecraft?

A

Charges the surface of he satellite, EM interference and arcing

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22
Q

What are the Van Allen radiation Belts?

A

Magnetic belt influenced charged particle collection zones

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23
Q

Why is man made orbital debris more serious than natural debris?

A

?

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24
Q

What part of the radio frequency spectrum is most affected by scintillation?

A

UHF

GPS if receiving on ground

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25
Q

Where and when does scintillation typically cause problems?

A

Equator and poles

Dawn and Dusk

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26
Q

How are wavelength and frequency related?

A

Inversely Proportional

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27
Q

International organization that controls frequency allocations?

A

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

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28
Q

Atmospheric effects that impact laser performance?

A

Distortion
Absorption
Thermal Blooming
Diffraction

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29
Q

Advantages of laser communications?

A

High data rates

Hard to Jam

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30
Q

Disadvantages of laser communications?

A

Signal attenuated by atmosphere
Requires accurate pointing
large power source

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31
Q

GPS inclination?

A

55 degrees

Fun fact: highest inclination from florida launch due to political marriage to shuttle

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32
Q

Inclination of the International Space Stations?

A

51.6 degrees

Fun fact: So the Russians could have easy access to said hanging BnB.

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33
Q

How many GPS satellites are required to be accurate?

A

4

3 is enough in a perfect world. The fourth is for timing.

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34
Q

List the 4 key issues in communication?

A

Distance
Language
Speed
Environment

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35
Q

What is the primary figure of merit for a digital communication link?

A

Bit Error Rate
Eb/No
Eb= Energy Per Bit
No=Noise Density

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36
Q

Identify two ways to increase the gain of a directional antenna?

A

Power & antenna size

?

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37
Q

Define bit error rate?

A

Bit Error Rate
Eb/No
Eb= Energy Per Bit
No=Noise Density

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38
Q

Open Loop Control system?

A

Fire and forget?

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39
Q

Closed Loop Control System?

A

Controller (thermostat), actuator (furnace), plant (house), sensor (Thermometer).

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40
Q

Generic components of a closed loop system?

A

Controller
Actuator
Plant
Sensor

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41
Q

Estimation method that utilizes mathematical relationships to relate costs to physical, technical and performance parameters

A

Parametric Estimating

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42
Q

Restricted two-body assumptions applied, what is the only satellite characteristic required to ….something

A

???
F=MA
Answer:MASS?

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43
Q

Restricted two-body assumptions applied, what is the only satellite characteristic required to ….something

A

???
F=MA
Answer:MASS?

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44
Q

Which COE describes the Shape of an orbit?

A

Eccentricity

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45
Q

Which COE describes the Shape of an orbit?

A

Eccentricity

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46
Q

Which COE(s) describes the orientation of orbital plane?

A

Inclination

Right ascension of the Ascending Node (RAAN)

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47
Q

Argument of perigee is?

A

Location of perigee within the orbital plan

Expressed in degrees starting from RAAN

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48
Q

Which COE defines the location of a spacecraft in its orbit?

A

True anomaly

0-360 Measured from Perigee

49
Q

Describe CEO that make a Geostationary comms sat?

A

eccentricity 0
inclination 0
semi maj axis 42164 KM

50
Q

Orbital perturbation that has small drag near perigee that leads to a more circular orbit?

A

Drag

51
Q

Orbital perturbation that makes sun synchronous possible?

A

J2

52
Q

Orbital perturbation that makes sun synchronous possible?

A

J2

53
Q

Orbital perturbation that makes Molniya orbit to be 63.4 degrees?

A

J2

?

54
Q

A satellite that is Sun Synchronous will always be illuminated by the sun?

A

F

55
Q

A satellite that is Sun Synchronous will always be a retrograde orbit?

A

T

56
Q

A satellite that is Sun Synchronous will pass over the same spot on the earth once every day?

A

F

57
Q

List the four sources of energy (heat) that cause temperature changes in a spacecraft.

A

Sun
Earth
Internal Dissipation

58
Q

Which heat transfer method is the ONLY one that removes heat from a spacecraft?

A

Radiation

59
Q

List four design approaches used to control temperature on a spacecraft.

A 
Insulation
Louvers
Radiators
Phase change Materials
Heat pipes
60
Q

For most space missions, when are the most demanding loads applied to a spacecraft?

A

Launch

61
Q

What issues make moving mechanisms on spacecraft problematic?

A

hard to test in relevant environment, failure point

62
Q

What are some challenges that make successful software development for space systems so difficult?

A

Time

Complexity

63
Q

What is the relationship between orbital inclination and launch site latitude that must exist to ensure two launch windows each day for direct orbits?

A

launch site latitude must be below the inclination

64
Q

For the launch conditions below, answer true or false and briefly explain why:
a) We have two opportunities per day to launch directly into an inclination less than the launch site’s latitude.

A

False

65
Q

For the launch conditions below, answer true or false and briefly explain why:
b) From Kennedy Space Center (L0=28.5°) we can launch directly into an inclination of 28.5° any time of day that weather permits and still obtain the specified right ascension of ascending node ().

A

False

You only have 1 window to launch into the exact inclination

66
Q

For the launch conditions below, answer true or false and briefly explain why:
c) We cannot launch directly into an inclination less than a launch site’s latitude.

A

False

67
Q

For the launch conditions below, answer true or false and briefly explain why:
d) We cannot launch directly into an inclination greater than the launch site’s latitude.

A

False

68
Q

Why isn’t Kennedy Space Center used to launch satellites into retrograde orbits?

A

Danger, would go over CONUS

69
Q

What launch azimuth (or direction) maximizes mass to orbit for a given launch vehicle?

A

East

70
Q

Delta V required to get to orbit?

A

9.3 km/sec

71
Q

Which of Newton’s three laws of motion best describes how rockets work?

A

3rd law-Every action has an opposite and equal reaction.

Thrust depends on how much “stuff” mass is thrown away from rocket

72
Q

What two parameters determine the thrust produced by a rocket?

A

Mass

Exhaust velocity

73
Q

What parameter describes rocket efficiency?

A

Specific Impulse

Isp = F(thrust)/MGo

74
Q

What determines the amount of delta V produced by a rocket?

A 
propellent efficiency (Isp)
Initial mass (full tank)
Final Mass (fuel expended tank)
75
Q

Why can multiple-stage launch vehicles put more payload mass into orbit than single-stage launch vehicles?

A

Reduces total mass

76
Q

How do thermodynamic rockets produce thrust?

A

Heat/pressure energy

77
Q

Which type of rocket cannot be stopped and restarted?

A

Thermodynamic

78
Q

Which type of rocket cannot be stopped and restarted?

A

Solid rockets (chemical)

79
Q

What is the key advantage and associated disadvantage of electrodynamic rockets?

A

Adv:
high Isp (efficency)
Long life
Unlimited cycling

Dis:
Low thrust Mouse farts
High power

80
Q

Describe the two elements of the mission operations system.

A
  1. Command, control and communications (C3)

2. Mission Management operations

81
Q

What are the three activities performed by satellite control networks?

A

Tracking, Telemetry and Commanding (TT&C)

82
Q

What are the five measurements are made to track a satellite?

A

Time, Elevation, Azimuth, Range & Range Rate(TEARR)

83
Q

What are the two types of telemetry data?

A

State of Health

Payload or Mission Data

84
Q

What are the two types of satellite control networks, and what is the basic difference between the two?

A

Common User Network (shared)

Dedicated User Network (not shared)

85
Q

Describe the role of 22 SOPS. What is the “product” they produce of interest to satellite operators?

A

Network Tasking Order (NTO)

24 hour schedule

86
Q

Describe the two segments of the NASA Space Network.

A 
Space Segment (TDRS)
Ground Segment (white sands/Guam)
87
Q

What are the benefits of using a concurrent approach for space mission operations planning?

A

Critical
Grounds nerds in reality
Relevant experience

88
Q
  1. When the restricted two-body assumptions are applied, what is the only satellite characteristic required to completely describe the acceleration (and, thereby, future changes in position and velocity) of a satellite in Earth orbit?
A

Distance

R^2

89
Q

Sunsync Inclination

A

97 deg ish

90
Q

Give example COE of Geostationary

A

42K

91
Q

What characteristic of a Hohmann Transfer is the “key” to its efficiency?

A

tangential & in plane

92
Q

Describe the velocity changes (number and direction) that must be generated to perform a Hohmann Transfer from a low-altitude circular orbit to a high-altitude circular orbit.

A

1 burn at perigee to get elliptical

1 burn at apogee to get circular

93
Q

What is the most propellant (energy)-efficient way to change both the size and inclination of an orbit?

A

Combined plane change

94
Q

If the final ΔV of a Hohmann Transfer is not performed, describe the resulting satellite motion.

A

Stuck in elliptical

95
Q

What is the foundation of rendezvous and all space control missions?

A

SDA

96
Q

List three types of rendezvous?

A

Hohmman
Fast Transfer
Co-Orbital

97
Q

What are the two parameters that are traded in most rendezvous maneuvers?

A

Time

Propellent

98
Q

Linear drift

A

Smaller semi major axis

99
Q

Natural motion circumnavigation

A

Doing circles around target. More eccentric.

100
Q

Where and when does scintillation typically cause problems?

A

Dusk

Equator and Poles

101
Q

What two agencies provide space environmental support in the United States?

A

NOAA

557th Weather wing (USAF)

102
Q

What is the best wavelength for detecting a missile plume at a temperature of 724 K?

A

4 Microns

103
Q

Which type of observation resolution quantifies the minimum separation between features that must exist to differentiate one from the other?

A

Spatial resolution

104
Q

Identify the parameters that determine diffraction-limited (or angular) resolution?

A

Distance from ground
Wavelength
Camera Aperture

105
Q
  1. If the distance between a radar and its target object increases by a factor of 3, what happens to the strength of the reflected pulse when it returns to the radar?
A

R^4

106
Q

How does a radar determine the range to a target object?

A

(Time/2) * Speed of light)

107
Q

Identify two ways to increase the gain of a directional antenna.

A

Bigger antenna

Shorter wavelength

108
Q

What are some methods that could be employed to increase the Eb/N0 (signal-to-noise ratio) at the receiver of a ground terminal?

A

Antenna size
Electronics temp
Drop altitude

109
Q

What are the tradeoffs a comm subsystem designer must consider if she decides to use a high-gain, low-power antenna on the satellite?

A

Narrow pointing

110
Q

Which multiple access strategy allows users to share the same frequency band by designating the specific time interval during which each user can transmit digitized data packets?

A

Time division Multiple access

111
Q

What international organization controls frequency allocations for satellite communication systems?

A

ITU

112
Q

Which spacecraft subsystem compensates for orbital perturbations to keep a spacecraft in the right orbit?

A

NGC

Navigation Guidance Control

113
Q

Which spacecraft subsystem compensates for disturbance torques to keep a spacecraft pointed in the right direction?

A

ADCS

114
Q

What external references do attitude control sensors typically use to determine a spacecraft’s orientation? Which provides the highest precision?

A

STARS (Most Precise)
Sun
Earth

115
Q

List three characteristics that determine the amount of power per unit area (W/m2) produced by a solar panel?

A

Solar available
Solar cell material
Orientation

116
Q
  1. List three momentum-based closed-loop attitude control systems.
A

Bias momentum
Reaction Wheels
Control Moment Gyro (CMG)

117
Q

What are some of the key considerations in the design or choice of secondary (rechargeable) batteries?

A

Specific Energy Density

118
Q

What are some of the key considerations in the design or choice of secondary (rechargeable) batteries?

A 
Specific Energy Density
#/Depth of discharges
119
Q

What are some improvements being tested and/or considered for DoD satellite command and control (AFSCN upgrades)?

A

Phased array antennas

Interoperable Network

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