Bootcamp Handout Flashcards
How do you calculate fractional shortening?
[(LVIDd - LVISd)/LVIDd ] x 100
What is the normal left ventricular fractional shortening in dogs and cats and what cutoff is suggestive of systolic dysfunction?
dogs 28-45%
cats 30-50%
< 20% suggestive of myocardial systolic dysfunction
What are 3 echocardiographic measurements/calculations used to assess systolic function?
- fractional shorting
- ejection fraction (normal 55-75%)
- fractional area change (normal 36-60%)
How long does recovery from sepsis induced myocardial depression take?
recovery of cardiac function seen at 7-10 days (in survivors)
List 7 causes of feline ventricular hypertrophy
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- systemic hypertension
- hyperthyroidism
- congenital aortic stenosis
- acromegaly
- infiltrative disease
- pseudo-hypertrophy from volume contraction
what left ventricular wall thickness is suggestive of HCM in cats?
> 6 mm
What is the definition of Cor Pulmonale?
right heart failure secondary to primary lung disease
List 11 potential causes of right-sided heart failure
- massive pulmonary emoblism
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- sepsis
- high PEEP
- increased pulmonary vascular resistance from chronic lung disease
- heart worm disease
- any other causes of PHT
- neoplasia
- valvular heart disease (e.g., tricuspid valve dysplasia)
- pulmonic stenosis
- cardiomyopathy
What is the expected caudal vena cava collapsibility in a patient that is likely to be fluid responsive?
> 50-60%
What is the caudal vena cava collapsibility in a patient with elevated RA pressures?
< 25-30%
Fill in the descriptors
What is Fick’s equation for CO measurement?
CO = VO2 / (CaO2 - CvO2)
VO2 = inhaled O2 - exhaled O2
How does an increased afterload affect the end systolic ventricular volume?
increases it (i.e., cannot eject as much volume, remains in ventricle)
List 12 measurements you can obtain from a pulmonary artery catheter
- CO
- CI
- CVP
- RAP
- RVP
- PAP
- PWP
- temp
- SvO2
- ScvO2
- VO2
- DO2
What is the cutoff for pulmonary wedge pressures being indicative for underlying heart failure versus ARDS as cause for pulmonary diease
- > 18 mm Hg»_space;> L-CHF
- 18 or lower»_space;> ARDS
What location in the heart does thie pressure waveform represent?
RA
What location in the heart does thie pressure waveform represent?
RV
What location in the heart does thie pressure waveform represent?
PA
What location in the heart does this pressure waveform represent?
PWP
Briefly describe phases 0-4 of the cardiac action potential
0 - fast Na+ channels open due to stimulation from neighboring cells - allow entry of Na+ into the cell –> transmembrane potential becomes positive
1 - some rectifying K+ channels open - K+ out of the cell –> brings transmembrane potential back to 0
2 - L-type Ca++ channels open - small constant inward Ca++ flow + rectifying K+ channels with K+ outflow (delayed Kr channels) –> even each other out - transmembrane potential at plateau maintained at around 0
3 - Ca++ channels close while Kr channels continue to let K+ flow out –> transmembrane potential goes back down
What is the “death diamond”?
- hypothermia
- acidosis
- coagulopathy
- hypocalcemia
lethal triad –> without hypocalcemia
What is the “Marik-Phillips” curve?
graph describing extra-vascular lung water with fluid administration
How do you calculate the pulse pressure variation? (PPV)
PPV (%) = (PPmax - PPmin)/ average PP x 100
