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BB > Bootcamp 1 - introduction > Flashcards

Bootcamp 1 - introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A neuron is a specialized cell that can send and
receive messages through electrical signals

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2
Q

What about dendrite structure?

A

Branching projections
receive input signals from
other neurons

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3
Q

What does soma (cell body) contain?

A

Contain nucleus, organelles

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4
Q

What about axon structure?

A

Often myelinated
○ Rapidly conduct electrical
signals

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5
Q

What does axon terminal do?

A

Transfer signals to other
neurons

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6
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Provides an increased surface area for receiving stimuli
from other neurons

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7
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

Dendritic spines are protrusions from the dendrites that
form the sites for synapses

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8
Q

What is the soma?

A

Metabolic and regulatory center of the neuron

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9
Q

What does the soma do?

A

Synthesizes macromolecules which are processed
by the Golgi apparatus and transported
throughout the neuron

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10
Q

Where are the Nissl bodies found?

A

Nissl bodies are found within the soma, consist of
endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

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11
Q

What does the myealin sheeth do?

A

The myelin sheath wraps around an axon
and acts as an insulator
○ The sheath allows for electrical signals
to move faster

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12
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?
And what do they do?

A

Spaces where the myelin is interrupted are
called nodes of ranvier
○ These nodes regenerate the signal as it
moves down the axon

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13
Q

What is a synapse?
What does it allow?
How does it happen?

A

Junction between axon terminal of one neuron and a dendrite of
another
Allows for
communication
between neurons

● Neurotransmitters travel
from one neuron to the
other

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14
Q

What is The Neuronal Membrane formed from?

A

Formed by hydrophobic (water-fearing)
and hydrophilic (water-loving)
interactions of phospholipids

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15
Q

What does The Neuronal Membrane do?

A

Prevents ions and molecules from
moving freely between the cytosol and
extracellular environment

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16
Q

What are ions?

A

Ions are molecules that hold an
positive or negative electric
charge

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17
Q

What are ion channels?

A

Proteins called ion channels
allow ions to flow in and out of
the cell
○ They are selective, allowing
certain ions to enter but
blocking others

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18
Q

What is the most common type of neuron in the human nervous system? What does it consist from?
What does the structure allow?

A

Multipolar neuron and it posses a single axon and multiple dendrites
○ Structure allows for the integration large amounts
of information from multiple neurons

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19
Q

What does the bipolar neuron consist from?

A

Has two extensions from the soma: one axon and
one dendrite

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20
Q

Where is the bipolar neuron found?

A

Found in specialized sensory organs (retina,
olfactory bulbs, cochlea)

21
Q

What does the pseudo-unipolar neuron consist from?

A

Has one projection from the cell body that splits
into an axon and a dendrite

All pseudo-unipolar neurons are sensory neurons

22
Q

What does the unipolar neuron consist from?

A

one projection from the cell body that contains
both axon and dendrites

23
Q

where can the unipolar neuron be found?

A

only in insects

24
Q

what does the cns consist from?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal
cord

25
Q

what does the pns consist from?

A

Consists of the nerves and ganglia
outside of the brain and spinal cord

26
Q

what does the cns do?

A

Integrates sensory information
○ Responds to sensory inputs

27
Q

what does the pns do?

A

Connects the CNS to the limbs and
organs.

28
Q

Nervous system contains
two types of tissue:

A

Gray Matter (consists of
neuronal cell bodies)
○ White Matter (consists
of axons)

29
Q

what is the gray matter in brain?

A

In the brain, cortex and
nuclei are gray matter

30
Q

what does white matter surround?

A

In the spinal cord, white
matter surrounds gray
matter

31
Q

What three subsections can the brain be divided in?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem

32
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion;
consists of two
hemispheres

33
Q

Brain stem

A

Posterior part
of the brain (continuous
with the spinal cord)

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located in the
back of the brain

35
Q

What are the four brain lobes and their tasks?

A

Frontal (cognition,
personality), parietal (integration of
sensory information), temporal (object
recognition, hearing, and
memory ) and occipital (visual
processing)

36
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Involved in motor control (coordination,
precision and timing of movements, motor
learning)

37
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Interact with motor cortex and
cerebellum to coordinate
complex movements

38
Q

what would happen if there was damage to basal ganglia?

A

Damage does not cause
paralysis, but may impact
speed, fluidity, and precision of
movement e.g. Parkinson’s
disease

39
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

Collection of interconnected
cortical and subcortical
structures

40
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

Mediate memory, emotion, and
autonomic function

41
Q

what is the spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord is a long structure
that extends from the brainstem
through the vertebral column

42
Q

what is the spinal cord composed of?

A

nervous tissue

43
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

Provides a pathway to and from
the brain, and is a major reflex
center

44
Q

what does the spinal cord consist of?

A

Consists of four parts: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
sections

45
Q

how do spinal nerves exit the spine?

A

through each vertebrae

46
Q

what components does the spinal cord contain?

A

dorsal and ventral

47
Q

what are ventral roots?

A

Ventral roots are nerves going
from brain to body (motor
information)

48
Q

what are dorsal roots?

A

Dorsal roots are nerves going
from body to brain (sensory
information)

49
Q

how is dorsal root ganglia made?

A

Cell bodies of neurons making up
dorsal root form dorsal root
ganglia

BB (7 decks)

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