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LPIC-101 > Boot The System (3) > Flashcards

Boot The System (3) Flashcards

Objective 101.2 Weight 3

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1
Q

Which of the following bootloaders can be loaded by BIOS firmware?

  1. LILO
  2. MBR
  3. GRUB Legacy
  4. GRUB2
  5. POST
  6. GPT
A
  1. LILO, 3. GRUB Legacy AND 4. GRUB2
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2
Q

Which of the following are configuration files that may be involved in configuring a GRUB Legacy bootloader?

  1. /boot/grub/menu.1st
  2. /boot/grub/menu.lst
  3. /boot/grub/grub.cfg
  4. /boot/grub/grub.conf
  5. /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
  6. /boot/grub2/grub.conf
A
  1. /boot/grub/menu.lst AND 4. /boot/grub/grub.conf

The /boot/grub/menu.lst (think of a “boot menu list”) and /boot/grub/grub.conf are the configuration files that may be involved in configuring a GRUB Legacy bootloader and its menu. Often on systems that still use GRUB Legacy the /boot/grub/menu.lst is a symbolic (soft) link to the /boot/grub/grub.conf file.

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3
Q

Which of the following are keywords used in GRUB Legacy bootloader configuration files?

  1. menuentry
  2. title
  3. root
  4. kernel
  5. set root
  6. initrd
A
  1. title, 3. root, 4. kernel AND 6. initrd

Keywords used in GRUB Legacy bootloader configuration files include title, root, kernel, and initrd (and these keywords are specifically used to configure GRUB Legacy bootloader menu entries.)

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4
Q

Which of the following commands allow you to install GRUB Legacy on the first hard drive’s first partition?

  1. grub-install ‘(hd0)’
  2. grub-install ‘(hd1)’
  3. grub-install ‘(hd0, 0)’
  4. grub-install ‘(hd1,1)’
  5. grub-install /dev/sda
  6. grub-install /dev/sda1
A
  1. grub-install ‘(hd0, 0)’ AND 6. grub-install /dev/sda1

Both the grub-install ‘(hd0, 0)’ and grub-install /dev/sda1 commands will allow you to install GRUB Legacy on the first hard drive’s first partition. The grub-install ‘(hd0)’ and grub-install /dev/sda commands allow you to install GRUB Legacy on the first hard drive, but a partition is not designated in the commands.

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5
Q

Which of the following is true concerning booting with a system that uses UEFI firmware?

  1. UEFI stands for unified extensible functional interface
  2. UEFI stands for unified extensible firmware interface
  3. UEFI uses a mini-bootloader to configure which bootloader program to use
  4. UEFI uses a configuration file to determine which bootloader program to use
  5. The bootloader program is in the EFI, which is mounted at /boot/efi
  6. The bootloader program is in the ESP, which is mounted at /boot/esp
A
  1. UEFI stands for unified extensible firmware interface
    AND
  2. UEFI uses a mini-bootloader to configure which bootloader program to use

The unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI) uses a mini-bootloader (boot manager) to configure bootloader program to use. The bootloader program is in the extensible firmware interface (EFI) System Partition (ESP), and ESP is mounted on the/boot/efi/ directory.

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6
Q

Which of the following are configuration files that may be involved in configuring a GRUB2 bootloader?

  1. /boot/grub/menu.1st
  2. /boot/grub/menu.lst
  3. /boot/grub/grub.cfg
  4. /boot/grub/grub.conf
  5. /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
  6. /boot/grub2/grub.conf
A
  1. /boot/grub/grub.cfg AND 5. /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

The /boot/grub/grub.cfg and /boot/grub2/grub.cfg are the configuration files that may be involved in configuring a GRUB2and its menu. Linux systems will have one file or the other, though they may have both directories.

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7
Q

Which of the following are keywords used in GRUB2 bootloader configuration files?

  1. menuentry
  2. title
  3. root
  4. kernel
  5. set root
  6. linux
A
  1. menuentry, 5. set root AND 6. linux

Keywords used in GRUB2 bootloader configuration files include menuentry, set root, linux (and variations), and initrd (and variations). These keywords are specifically used to configure GRUB2 bootloader menu entries.

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8
Q

Which of the following are keys or key combinations used for operations in the GRUB2 boot menu?

  1. Ctrl+x
  2. d
  3. Esc
  4. e
  5. o
  6. b
A
  1. Ctrl+x
  2. Esc
    AND
  3. e

Of the keys listed, only Ctrl+x, Esc, and e are keys or key combinations used for operations in the GRUB2 boot menu. The rest are only used for operations in the GRUB Legacy boot menu.

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9
Q

Which of the following is the key or key combination when you want to reach the GRUB command line, after you have entered into editing mode for GRUB2?

  1. Ctrl+x
  2. c
  3. Ctrl+c
  4. b
  5. e
  6. Esc
A
  1. Ctrl+c

The Ctrl+c key combination is what to press after you entered into the GRUB2 boot menu item and into editing mode, but desire to reach the GRUB command line. If you were not editing a GRUB2 boot menu item, you would use the c key to reach the GRUB command line.

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10
Q

Which of the following should the line in a GRUB2 boot menu start with to indicate it is the line where you should type in Linux kernel parameters at its end to pass?

  1. menuentry
  2. root
  3. set root
  4. kernel
  5. linux
  6. initrd
A
  1. linux

In a GRUB2 boot menu, any kernel parameters you wish to pass to the Linux kernel when the system is booted, should be placed at the end of the line starting with the word linux.

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11
Q

What is the term given to the program that start the kernel?

A

bootloader

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12
Q

Name the Linux bootloaders

A

GRUB or GRUB Legacy and GRUB 2

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the initial RAM filesystem?

A

The initial RAM filesystem is an archive containing a filesystem which is used as a temporary root filesystem. It provides required modules so the kernel may access the real root filesystem of the OS.

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14
Q

What is the first program executed by the Linux kernel?

A

init
Once init is loaded, initramfs is removed from RAM.

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15
Q

Describe the process of updating kernel parameters using GRUB.

A

Kernel parameters can be set by editing /etc/default/grub and adding or modifying the kernel parameter=value in the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX entry. After updating /etc/default/grub, generate a new bootloader configuration using the command grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg.

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16
Q

On a machine equipped with a BIOS firmware, where is the bootstrap binary located?

A

In the MBR of the first storage device, /dev/sda1 or hd(0,0).

17
Q

UEFI firmware supports extended features provided by external programs, called EFI
applications. These applications, however, have their own special location. Where on the
system would the EFI applications be located?

A

EFI applications are stored in the EFI System Partition (ESP), which can be located at any available storage
block with a compatible filesystem (usually a FAT32 filesystem).

18
Q

Bootloaders allow the passing of custom kernel parameters before loading it. Suppose the
system is unable to boot due to a misinformed root filesystem location. How would the correct
root filesystem, located at /dev/sda3, be given as a parameter to the kernel?

A

Edit /etc/default/grub and add GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=”root=/dev/sda3”. Then run grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg to generate new bootloader config.

19
Q

The boot process of a Linux machine ends up with the following message:

ALERT! /dev/sda3 does not exist. Dropping to a shell!

What is the likely cause of this problem?

A

The kernel was unable to find the device /dev/sda3, informed as the root filesystem.

20
Q

List most common kernel parameters.

A

acpi : Enable/Disable ACPI
init : Sets a system initiator
systemd.unit : Sets systemd target
mem : Sets RAM. Useful for VMs
maxcpus : Limits number of cpus.
quiet : Hides most boot messages
vga : Selects video mode
root : Set root partition
rootflags : Mount options for root
ro : Make root read only
rw : Make root read writeable.

21
Q

The initialization log is hundreds of lines long, so the output of dmesg command is often piped
to a pager command — like command less — to facilitate the reading. What dmesg option will
automatically paginate its output, eliminating the need to use a pager command explicitly?

A

dmesg -H or dmesg –human

22
Q

A hard drive containing the entire filesystem of an offline machine was removed and attached
to a working machine as a secondary drive. Assuming its mount point is /mnt/hd, how would
journalctl be used to inspect the contents of the journal files located at
/mnt/hd/var/log/journal/?

A

journalctl -D /mnt/hd/var/log/journal/
or
journalctl –directory=/mnt/hd/var/log/journal/

LPIC-101 (25 decks)

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