Booooooooooo Flashcards
Air Force Instructions (AFIs) establish:
policies and responsibilities in order to implement Air Force Policy Directives (AFPD).
Air Force Technical Orders (TOs) provide:
instructions for the operation and maintenance of AF military systems and
end items
Use of Technical Orders can be referred to where?
TO 00-5-1 AF Technical Order System, Chapter 1.5 for the use of TOs
Use of Enhanced Technical Information Management System (ETIMS) can be referred to where?
TO 00-5-1 AF Technical Order System, Chapter 2.2 for the purpose of ETIMS
Use of Technical Order Distribution Office (TODO) can be referred to where?
TO 00-5-1 AF Technical Order System, Chapter 4 for the purpose of TODOs
Most TOs are prepared according to military standards and performance or detail specifications which prescribe the contents of each TO type. This standardized approach assigns each TO with a ___ ___.
catalog number
The types of TOs can be referred to where?
TO 00-5-1 AF Technical Order System, Chapter 3
Locally Prepared Workcards/Checklists can be referred to where?
TO 00-5-1 AF Technical Order System, Chapter 3 and TO 00-33A-1001 General
Cyberspace Support Activities Management Procedures and Practice Requirements, Chapter 10 for Locally Prepared Workcards / Checklists
Commercial Off-The-Shelf Manuals can be referred to where?
TO 00-5-1 AF Technical Order System, Chapter 3.10 and TO 00-33A-1001 General
Cyberspace Support Activities Management Procedures and Practice Requirements, Chapter 10 for COTS Manuals.
Multimeter TO catalog number?
TO 31-1-141 Testing Equipment, Chapter 2, Para. 2.2.10-11 & 2.3.7 for Non-electronic and electronic multimeters.
is a test tool used to measure two or more electrical values – mainly voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms). It is a standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the electrical/electronic field.
digital multimeter (DMM)
are tools to help maintain equipment uptime and resolve intermittent electrical problems because of poor grounding, due to resistance of the earth.
Earth Ground Tester
Which test equipment is best used for the following:
In this environment, it will be necessary to establish a grounding system and test that
system for proper readings prior to powering on equipment.
Earth Ground Tester
provides a safe path for the dissipation of fault currents, lightning strikes, static discharge, and EMI/RFI signals.
grounding
An effective grounding system can help protect:
personnel from injury or death, as well as protecting equipment and communications from damage or interference.
Your grounding system will be ineffective if what?
soil resistivity is too high
For the purposes of this class, we utilize what specific Earth Ground Tester?
AEMC 4630 Ground Resistance Tester
Soil Resistivity can be referred to where?
AEMC Understanding Ground Resistance Workbook, Pg. 1 for soil resistivity
Conducting a ___ ___ on a grounding system will indicate whether the ground resistance has changed over time, causing a need to modify the installed system.
periodic inspection
a precision instrument designed specifically for measuring RF power
Power Meter
A power meter measures what?
It measures the actual power dissipated across a terminating load
Most RF power meters use either ___ or ___ sensors to measure the incoming RF energy at the terminating load.
thermal
detector
Power meters can be referred to where?
TO 31-1-141-7 Testing Equipment, Para. 3.2.2.
Power meters have either ___ meters or ___ readouts that interpret or display the
representation of the signal power.
analog
digital
Because in a Power Meter the power sensor and meter combined measure power
directly, and the signal terminates at the meter, there are less sources for error, and therefore generally provide the ___ ___ method for measuring the total power of an RF signal.
most accurate
Today’s RF power meters come in many different configurations and cover a range of frequency and power applications. Power sensors are even being produced with ___ connections that can plug directly into a computer, which acts as the power meter using a software application to interpret and display the signals from the attached power sensor.
USB
Power meters are selectable to display power measured in relative…?
decibels, dBm, microwatts, milliwatts, and watts
They can measure continuous wave (CW), peak power, absolute power,
average power, and relative power.
Power Meters
For Power Meters, the ___ ___ ___ determines the power meter’s
frequency range and minimum and maximum power handling capabilities.
attached power sensor
For the purposes of this class, you will utilize which specific Power Meter tester?
Freedom Communication Technologies R8000C Communications System Analyzer
In the RF Transmissions Systems career field, some of your routine duties may include testing transmitters and transmission lines to make sure that they are emitting the proper output power. To conduct these tests, work centers tend to use a combination of a ___ and a ___ ___.
wattmeter
dummy load
an instrument used to measure the electric output power level of a circuit.
wattmeter
In the field, the most commonly used in-line wattmeter is the ___ ___ series.
Bird 4391
Unlike the previously discussed RF Power Meter, an in-line wattmeter can be left in the line for ___ ___ of either the transmitter power output or the amount reflected by the antenna.
continuous monitoring
It is vital to communications that when using a wattmeter that the circuit is operating at peak performance. ___ for minimum reflected power results in a good match of the load (e.g. an antenna) to the line. Equally important, adjusting the transmitter for maximum forward power into a matched antenna capitalizes on the potential of the circuit. These optimum system adjustments result in a low __ __ __ __.
Tuning
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
For Wattmeters, refer to what TO?
T.O. 33A1-7-322-1 Multi-Purpose Thruline Wattmeter RF Power Analyst Model 4391M,
Chapter 1 for purpose and function
The Bird 4391 series wattmeter is designed to measure peak or average power flow, load match, and amplitude modulation in ___ coaxial transmission lines.
50Ω
It is capable of reading peak envelope power (PEP) or continuous wave (CW) power in milliwatts, watts, and kilowatts.
The Bird 4391 (Wattmeter)
The wattmeter is used ___, meaning it is connected in between the transmitter and the antenna or a dummy load.
in-line
The ___ ___ for a wattmeter are selected based on the test being conducted, and the frequency and power being measured.
plug-in elements
The plug-in elements are then inserted into the appropriate sockets on the
wattmeter. These elements are used to ___ the traveling RF waves, and are pointed according to the direction by which the RF is moving.
sample
When testing or troubleshooting any transceiver or transmission line, it is not always possible to use an operational antenna or line. Mission requirements may
not allow for those assets to be occupied for that purpose, so you’ll need a way to simulate those components; ___ ___ serve that purpose.
dummy loads
For purposes of this class we use what specific type of dummy load?
Termaline Coaxial Load Resistor Bird 8000
You can refer to what TO for the dummy load utilized in this class?
Termaline Coaxial Load Resistor Bird 8000
Series Operating Instructions, Chapter 1 for purpose and
function, and TO 31-1-141-7 Testing Equipment,
Para.12.5.1.1
is a device which is designed to dissipate undesirable excess power (e.g. RF) or to serve as a terminating load. They are often used in conjunction with test equipment (e.g. wattmeter) as a part of measuring setup, allowing you to troubleshoot without fear of radiation.
dummy load
A dummy load is used to absorb power without creating or causing ___, providing an ideal method of locating circuit difficulties or defective circuit components.
reflections
A typical dummy load uses a mixture of ___ and ___ to absorb power, and enclosed inside a heat sink exterior. The exterior often consists of black-painted cooling fins to provide maximum heat transfer or dissipation.
sand
aquadag
A dummy load is useful for the following purposes:
As a substitute antenna.
The ability to tune RF transmitters under non-radiating conditions.
Making routine tests and adjustments.
As a substitute for any circuit loading element.
To measure, with a suitable indicating device (e.g. a wattmeter), the power output of any
coaxially transmitted RF signal within their rating.
To determine the cause of an undesirable standing wave ratio (SWR) along a transmission line.
You can refer to what TO when it comes to Frequency Counters?
TO 31-1-141-7 Testing Equipment, Para. 4.4.2.1
___ ___ are test instruments used in many applications within the RF field to accurately
measure the frequency of signals.
Frequency counters
They are commonly used as bench test equipment.
Frequency Counters
Counters and counter timers are widely used with electronics to measure the frequency of ___ ___.
repetitive signals
counters are used for measuring the time between edges on ____ ____,
counting the number of times a signal passes a give voltage (trigger) point in a given time
digital signals
Some frequency counters will have trigger points that can be set, but most automatically set the trigger, often around the ___ crossing point.
zero
To ensure the best accuracy, ___ ___ ___ are used to provide a stable frequency
in order to deliver a precise timing reference.
quartz crystal oscillators (XO)
Depending on the job, you may need to use two common equipment items that
look similar but operate very differently; the ___ and ___ ___.
oscilloscope
spectrum analyzer
It displays signals in what is known as the time domain
(i.e., amplitude against time).
oscilloscope
It allows many waveforms to be displayed and the performance of
circuits, modules and equipment to be analyzed.
oscilloscope
The oscilloscope displays the ___ of waveforms on the vertical axis against ___ on the horizontal axis.
amplitude
time
When it comes to a Spectrum Analyzer, what TO can you refer to for more information?
TO 31-1-141-7 Testing Equipment, Para. 5.9.1.
A device with wide capabilities for RF measurements is the ___ ___.
spectrum analyzer
The ___ ___ may be used to display the spectrum of any radio frequency
oscillation within its range.
spectrum analyzer
Since the output amplitude over a very narrow band of frequencies is displayed ___, and a selected range of frequencies is displayed ___, the complete spectrum may be observed directly.
vertically
horizontally
When looking at a signal within the frequency domain, the ___ of the signal is displayed in the vertical axis and ___ in the horizontal axis.
amplitude
frequency
By looking at the amplitudes of signals at different frequencies it is possible to ___ the amplitudes of these signals, find what signals are present, and the like.
measure
A ___ ___ is a test device which generates an alternating current signal that is suitable for test purposes.
signal generator
It is, in effect, a small radio transmitter which can be constructed to generate a signal
of any desired frequency.
signal generator
The generated signal may be ___ or ___, and is used for the following tests or checks: alignment of tuned circuits, dynamic troubleshooting (e.g. signal tracing), sensitivity measurements, field-intensity measurements, and approximate frequency
measurements.
modulated
unmodulated
The signal generator is used principally in…?
the alignment of tuned circuits
There are two types signal generators, each are classified according to frequency:
audio frequency or radio frequency.
When it comes to signal generators, the shape of the output waveform permits a further classification:
audio-frequency and radio frequency generators
When it comes to audio frequency generators, what TO can be referred to for more information?
TO 31-1-141-7 Testing Equipment, Para. 9.3.1.
Audio frequency generators are sometimes called…?
audio oscillators
Audio frequency generators are capable of producing signals whose frequencies range from ___ to ___.
20hz to 20khz
Audio frequency generators are subdivided into ___-wave and ___-wave (pulse) generators.
sine-wave
square-wave
The frequency range required generally covers __ Hz to __ kHz, as this is considered the human audio range; however, some audio oscillators have ranges up to ___
kHz.
20 Hz to 20 kHz
200 kHz
Tests or measurements made on audio frequency equipment, such as amplifiers, modulators, and other voice-frequency components, require a source of controlled audio frequencies, with very little or no ___ ___.
harmonic content
Many radios are designed to pass audio frequencies between __ Hz and __ kHz, and suppress frequencies outside that range.
300 Hz and 3.5 kHz
Radio frequency (RF) generators provide practical outputs ranging from __ kHz to about __ GHz.
10 kHz to 10 GHz
___ ___ ___ provide practical outputs ranging from 10 kHz to about 10 GHz.
Radio Frequency (RF) Generators
However, no ___ generator completely covers all of the existing RF ranges. Various RF generators are available covering specified portions of the RF spectrum.
single
RF generators provide either a __ __ __ or a radio frequency with amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or pulse modulation.
pure radio frequency
What TO can be referenced to RF Generators?
TO 31-1-141-7 Testing Equipment, Para. 9.3.2.
You can use an RF generator to test and troubleshoot…?
transmitters, receivers, antenna systems, or ground stations.
The following are some applications of which piece of equipment?
Verifying receiver sensitivity and selectivity accuracy.
Verifying transmission or percent of modulation within designated frequency ranges by
comparing transmitter outputs with RF signal generator outputs.
Aligning telemetry receivers by injecting the system with range-standard modulated RF.
Checking transmission lines and antenna systems for proper operation.
Radio Frequency Generators
Which specific RF generator model will you use for the purposes of this class?
Freedom Communication Technologies R8000C Communications System Analyzer
What TO can be referenced to Audio Analyzers?
TO 31-1-141-7 Testing Equipment, Para. 12.23.1.
___ ___ are multifunctional equipment used in audio frequency amplifier measurements.
Audio analyzers
This type of test equipment usually contains circuitry for an AC electronic voltmeter, a dual-frequency audio oscillator, a wattmeter, and either a harmonic or intermodulation distortion filter.
Audio analyzers
The various functions of an audio analyzer are selected by means of a ___ ___. The AC electronic voltmeter can be selected for individual use as a voltmeter to measure various signal amplitudes, or it may be transferred into compensation networks to measure power dissipation in terms of signal voltage.
function switch
One of the advantages of an audio analyzer is…?
the reduction in the number of test leads required to monitor and check an amplifier
(A reduction in the number of test leads reduces the chances of making mistakes involved in changing leads to measure different electrical characteristics. Reducing the number of interconnecting test leads also decreases the chances of unwanted signal coupling through stray capacitance effects.)
___ is any change in a signal that alters the basic waveform or the relationship between various frequency components; it is usually a degradation of the signal.
Distortion
Audio analyzers measure the accuracy of an electronic circuit at reproducing a ___ and can be used to test the ___ through a receiver.
wave
noise
___ ___ ___ is a measure of telecommunication signal integrity based on the quantity or percentage of transmitted bits that are received incorrectly.
Bit Error Rate (BER)
How does BER work?
To perform a bit error rate test, a pre-defined data stream is sent through a network link input, then the output of the link at the receiving end is analyzed to assess the number of errors detected versus the number of bits transmitted over a given time frame.
Essentially, the more incorrect bits, the greater the impact on signal quality.
Bit error rate is an effective indicator of full end-to-end performance because…?
it encompasses the receiver and transmitter as well as the media between them.
A ___ ___ ___ can be used to create a data transmission pattern likely
to cause errors by producing a wide range of bit patterns.
A Pseudorandom Binary Sequence (PRBS)
How is BER calculated?
The bit error rate is calculated by dividing the quantity of bits received in error by the total number of bits transmitted within the same time period. A result of ___ is generally considered an acceptable bit error rate for telecommunications, while ___ is a more appropriate minimum BER for data transmissions.
10-9
10-13
An effective bit error rate tester can perform service activation testing for several key performance indicators (KPIs) such as…?
packet loss, latency and jitter
Why is BERT important?
With the bandwidth and performance demands on Ethernet networks increasing daily, BERT has become essential for quantifying bit error rate in optical fiber communication channels and establishing confidence in high-speed data services. Bit Error Rate Testing critical to ensure communication systems perform at optimal levels.
Which specific audio analyzer model will you use for the purposes of this class?
Freedom Communication Technologies R8000C Communications System Analyzer
A radio test set is often referred to as…?
communications system analyzer (CSA)
communications system monitor (CSM)
CSA/CSMs are integrated test instrument primarily designed for testing…?
mobile radio communication equipment
Many of the embedded features include much of the components you
have already learned about; but rather than individual items, they are conveniently packed into a single transportable device.
CSA/CSM
Produces a transmission with defined parameters. Signal will be
modulated at the level and frequency set.
RF Generator
Provides a source of modulation for the transmitter under test.
Audio Generator
Modulates transmitters of systems using tone calling to test tone
recognition circuits.
Tones Generator
Measure the mean/average output power level of the transmitter.
RF Power Meter
Measures modulation depth or deviation level and provides a
demodulated output signal.
Modulation Meter
Obtains the mean RF frequency of the transmitter output.
RF Counter
Measures the frequency of the demodulated signal. Checks the sensitivity of the receiver functions.
Audio Frequency (AF) Counter
Measure the level of the demodulated signal from the receiver.
Audio Frequency (AF) Voltmeter
Obtains a signal to noise ratio, Signal, Noise and Distortion (SINAD),
and distortion percentages.
Distortion Meter
Used to study the sidebands and any harmonics produced by the
transmitter.
Spectrum Analyzer
Views and measures the demodulated signal or other waveforms.
Oscilloscope
Tests or measurements on AF equipment
(e.g. amplifiers, modulators, other voice‐
frequency components) require a source
of controlled AF, with minimal harmonics
Audio Frequency Generator
