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BOOK REFERENCES > BOOKS > Flashcards

BOOKS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Geographical Hypothesis” in Why Nations Fail?

A

The hypothesis states that nations fail due to their geography and demography

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2
Q

What is the “Cultural Theory” in Why Nations Fail?

A

It argues that orthodox social norms and cultures prevent nations from flourishing.

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3
Q

What is the “Ignorance Theory” in Why Nations Fail?

A

Leadership’s lack of knowledge about effective policymaking leads to national failure.

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4
Q

How do “inclusive state institutions” differ from “extractive institutions”?

A

Inclusive institutions provide health

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5
Q

Case Study: Why are North Korea and South Korea so different in development?

A

North Korea under Russia has extractive state institutions controlled by a narrow elite. South Korea under the U.S. established inclusive institutions

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6
Q

How does the comparison of Mexico and America illustrate the importance of institutions?

A

Despite similarities in geography

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7
Q

What historical event laid the foundation of inclusive institutions in the U.S.?

A

The settlement of Northern America by Britain

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8
Q

Why is the American Civil War of 1865 significant in Why Nations Fail?

A

It marked a critical point in abolishing slavery and progressing toward inclusive institutions.

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9
Q

How does the British Industrial Revolution relate to inclusive institutions?

A

The Industrial Revolution in 1840 uplifted common people and created a market economy

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10
Q

How does China’s economic system differ from its political system?

A

China has an inclusive economic system but a narrow elite-controlled extractive political system.

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11
Q

What recommendations can be made to Pakistan based on Why Nations Fail?

A

Pakistan needs to establish inclusive state institutions

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12
Q

What are the six shocks highlighted in Governing the Ungovernable?

A
  1. Distance of 1000 miles
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13
Q

What was Pakistan’s economic performance during the 1990s?

A

Growth slowed from 6% to 4%

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14
Q

What is the “Garrison State” syndrome mentioned in Governing the Ungovernable?

A

It refers to the country’s focus on defense at the expense of health

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15
Q

How did Pakistan’s bureaucracy change after Bhutto’s reforms?

A

Bhutto’s bureaucratic reforms led to politicization

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16
Q

What is the main critique of the 18th Amendment in Pakistan?

A

Power transfer from the federal to provincial levels did not bring significant change; decentralization to the district level is needed.

17
Q

What suggestions does Governing the Ungovernable offer for reforming Pakistan?

A

Merit-based democracy

18
Q

Why does Manto’s writing remain relevant to Pakistan’s challenges?

A

It critiques societal ignorance and asks

19
Q

What was Jinnah’s vision for Pakistan?

A

A secular state where individuals could freely practice religion without misuse or sectarian conflicts.

20
Q

What are Mohsin Hamid’s reasons for Pakistan’s resilience?

A
  1. Strategic location. 2. Diverse culture. 3. Historical evidence of overcoming challenges
21
Q

What economic challenges does Maleeha Lodhi discuss in Beyond the Crisis State?

A

Low GDP growth

22
Q

What does Pakistan a Hard Country highlight about Pakistan’s society?

A

Society is ‘Janus-faced’—its dual nature ensures unity but also causes underdevelopment due to feudalism and clientelism.

23
Q

How does Anatol Lieven critique Pakistan’s feudal system?

A

Feudalism undermines scientific advancement

24
Q

What does The End of History argue about liberalism?

A

Francis Fukuyama claims liberal democracy is the endpoint of ideological evolution but acknowledges its challenges in the modern era.

25
Q

What role does Artificial Intelligence play in 21 Lessons for the 21st Century?

A

AI will replace jobs across physical

26
Q

How has globalization impacted nationalism

A

according to Yuval Noah Harari?

27
Q

Why does Harari argue for a global justice system?

A

Global issues like climate change require international tribunals to ensure fairness and address transnational problems.

28
Q

What is the significance of “Dataism” in Harari’s view?

A

Dataism refers to the dominance of algorithms that shape decisions and erode privacy

29
Q

How has religion evolved in the context of modern technology?

A

Religion now provides answers to ‘why’ questions that science does not address

30
Q

Why does Harari advocate for educational reform?

A

Education should move from rote learning to critical thinking and skill-building to prepare for automation and AI-driven futures.

31
Q

What is the “Silicon Curtain” mentioned in Harari’s work?

A

The metaphor highlights the divide created by AI and information control

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