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Biopsychology > Booklets 1, 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Booklets 1, 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The specialised network of cells in the human body that makes up our primary internal communications system.

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2
Q

What are the two main functions of the nervous system?

A

To collect, process and respond to information in the environment

Coordinate the working of different organs and cells in the body

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3
Q

What are the two sub sections of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system (CNS)

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

What are the four main regions of the brain?

A

The temporal lobe

The parietal lobe

The frontal lobe

The occipital lobe

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5
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes auditory information

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6
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

It integrates information from the different senses and plays an important role in spatial navigation

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7
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

It is associated with higher order functions such as language and memory but also includes planning, decision-making, abstract reasoning and logic.

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8
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

It processes visual information

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9
Q

How does the brain receive information?

A

Through sensory receptors, such as the eyes ears and skin

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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex (grey matter)?

A

It is the brains outer layer, it is highly developed in humans and is what distinguishes us from those of animals.

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11
Q

What is the brain divided into?

A

The left and right hemisphere

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12
Q

What connects the brain and the spinal cord?

A

The brainstem, it also controls involuntary processes such as breathing.

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13
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

It transfers messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body and connect nerves to the PNS. It is also responsible for simple reflex action such as jumping out of your chair.

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14
Q

How does the PNS transmit messages?

A

Via millions of neurons two and from the central nervous system.

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15
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

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16
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

It maintains communication between the central nervous system and the outside world by controlling muscle movement and receives information from sensory receptors

17
Q

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

A

Sensory receptors, which carry information to the spinal cord and brain

Motor pathways which allow the brain to control movement

It operates the voluntary control of body movements

18
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

It plays an important role in homeostasis, and it is responsible for vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing. It transmits information from and to the internal body organs such as the liver and lungs. It operates autonomically, involuntarily.

19
Q

What are the two components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system

20
Q

The actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are mostly antagonistic, what does this mean?

A

They usually work in opposition to each other

21
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

It is involved in responses that prepare the body for fight or flight. E.g. Increasing heart rate, blood pressure et cetera.

22
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It returns the body to its normal resting state.

23
Q

What is the first thing that happens when the body experiences a stressful event (e.g something jumps out at you)?

A

The ANS switches from its normal resting state (parasympathetic state) to the physiologically arouse sympathetic state.

24
Q

How is adrenaline stimulated and what does it do?

A

When there is a stressful event, the hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland which triggers the ANS to change from resting state to the SNS.

The SNS triggers adrenaline to be released from the adrenal Medúlla into the bloodstream. Adrenaline triggers physiological changes in the body such as increased heart rate and pupil dilation.

These changes create the physiological arousal necessary for the fight or flight response.

25
Q

What happens after the role of adrenaline is complete and the threat is gone?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to its resting state

26
Q

What is the reason behind the physiological change of increased heart rate?

A

To increase blood flow to organs and increase the movement of adrenaline around the body so if you need to move quickly, you can and other parts of your body can be stimulated too.

27
Q

What is the reason behind the physiological change of increased breathing rate?

A

This increases oxygen intake meaning that aerobic respiration can happen more quickly if needed to escape a threat.

28
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system due to different parts of your body?

A

Regular processes for function such as digestion and saliva production are inhibited or slowed in the sympathetic nervous system and maintained or increased in the parasympathetic.

In the SNS, the pupils and bronchi are dilated to increase vision and oxygen intake, whereas they are constructed in the parasympathetic NS As in the light dilated peoples can hurt your eyes and the extra oxygen is not needed.

29
Q

What is the evaluation for the fight or flight explanation?

A

Human behaviour is not limited just to responses- humans also freeze in situations where they are trying to decide the best course of action.

Beta bias- women often adopt a tend and friend response in stressful situations.

Negative impacts on health- or ancestors may have used these as survival mechanisms but now these responses often cause ill health for things such as stress.

30
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A network of glands around the body that secrete hormones

31
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

Blood vessels

32
Q

What are the only cells that hormones affect?

A

Cells with receptors complementary for that particular hormone.

33
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

It’s connected to the pituitary gland and this responsible for stimulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

34
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

This is the master gland as the hormones released by the gland control and stimulate the release of hormones from other glands in the system. The interior releases ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex on the release of cortisol mood and fear) and the posterior releases oxytocin which is responsible for uterus contractions.

35
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

This gland releases melatonin, which is responsible for the sleep wake cycle.

36
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

The ovaries release of oestrogen which controls the regulation of the female reproductive system, including the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Biopsychology (4 decks)

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