booklet 1 pt2

Question 1

What are the 4 ethical issues and ways to deal with them?

Answer 1

Informed consent>Debriefing
Psychological harm>Right to withdraw
Deception>Counselling
Privacy and confidentiality>Anonymity

Question 2

What are features of informed consent and debriefing?

Answer 2

Informed consent:
-need to agree to take part
-be told exactly what’s going to happen during research
-consent form
-children and vulnerable adults cant do this
Debriefing:
-needs to be done by the end of the study
-ppts should be reassured that their behaviour was typical
-made aware the aims

Question 3

What are features of psychological harm and right to withdraw?

Answer 3

Harm:
-e.g. distress, humiliation, guilt
-risk of harm should be no greater than everyday life
Right to withdraw:
-allowed to leave the study at any point, without a penalty e.g. not being paid

Question 4

What are features of deception and counselling?

Answer 4

Deception:
-psychologists shouldn’t mislead ppts
-sometimes its necessary to decieve ppts to avoid demand characteristics
Councelling:
-after study, ppts should be offered this

Question 5

What are features of privacy and confidentiality and anonymity?

Answer 5

Privacy=the right to control info about themselves
Confidentiality=the right to have their data protected
Both could lead to ppts being identified
Anonymity:
-ppts can be referred to by a number, rather than their name

Question 6

What are 3 other ways of getting around the lack of informed consent? Explain them

Answer 6

-Presumptive consent- getting a group of people similar to ppts to say if they would take part, yes=presumed ppts would’ve agreed
-Prior general consent- ppts give general consent
-Retrospective consent- gained via debrief afterwards, then can withdraw

Question 7

What are the 4 features of science? Explain them

Answer 7

-Objectivity- not biased, opinion doesn’t get in the way
-Replication- repeat something with same procedure>same findings
-Empirical method- collecting data based on direct experience
-Falsifiability- being able to prove things wrong

Question 8

(THEORY CONSTRUCTION:features of science)
What is a theory?
What does testing a theory depend on? How can his be tested?
What is deduction?

Answer 8

Theory=general laws that explain particular behaviours.
Testing a theory=depends on a hypothesis, this can be tested using scientific methods.
Deduction=obtaining a new hypothesis from an existing theory

Question 9

(features of science)
What is a paradigm?
What is a paradigm shift?
What is this usually due to?
What does this lead to?
Give an example of a paradigm shift

Answer 9

How behaviour is explained.
Members of a scientific community change from one to a new way of one established way of explaining behaviour.
Due to new evidence>scientific revolution
e.g. psychodynamic——–>cognitive nueroscience

Question 10

Match each approach (not SLT) to their research method.
*=scientific

Answer 10

*Behaviourist=lab experiment
*Cognitive=lab experiment
*Biological=brain scans
Psychodynamic=case studies
Humanistic=untestable concepts

Question 11

What is the difference between internal and external validity?

Answer 11

Internal=whether results are affected by changes in IV, in a cause and effect relationship.
*(inside the experiment)
External=whether data can be generalised to situations outside research environment.
*(outside the experiment)

Question 12

What is the difference between validity and reliability?

Answer 12

Valid=accurate
Reliable=consistent

Question 13

What is face validity?
Is it internal or external validity?
Give an example

Answer 13

Does the test appear to measure what it says to measure.
Internal.
E.g. a psychiatrist, (likely to be conducted by a specialist), checking a new OCD questionnaire.

Question 14

What is concurrent validity?
Is it internal or external validity?
Give an example

Answer 14

Performance of the test is compared to a test that is already recognisied and trusted within the same field.
Internal.
E.g. psychologists wanting to introduce a new measure of depression, they compare their results to data obtained from a similar measure, such as Beck’s depression measure

Question 15

What is ecological validity?
Is it internal or external validity?
Give an example

Answer 15

Extent to which psychologists can apply their findings to other settings predominately to everyday life.
External.
E.g. bobo doll study being conducted in a lab to explain how children learn aggressive behaviour.

Question 16

What is temporal validity?
Is it internal or external validity?
Give an example

Answer 16

Extent to which research findings can be applied across time.
External.
E.g. Frued’s idea of penis envy being created in a patriarchal Victorian England.

Question 17

What are the 4 ways to IMPROVE validity?
Give examples for each

Answer 17

-Experiments: standardisation, control group (to compare results to), single/double blind procedures
-Questionnaires: annonymity, lie scale (ask the same question twice, see if their paying attention)
-Observation: covert observations, behavioural categories
-Qualitative methods: direct quotes from ppts, triangulation (using multiple research methods)

Question 18

What 4 factors AFFECT the validity of research?
Explain

Answer 18

-Demand characteristics: ppts guess the aims of the study>change their behaviour.
-Social desirability bias: under-report undesirable behavior and over-report more positive>seen in positive light.
-Investigator effects: unwanted influences that the investigator communicates to the ppts.
-Confirmation bias: to seek out and prefer info that supports our pre-existing beliefs.

Question 19

What are the 3 indicators for investigator effects?

Answer 19

-Body language
-Facial expressions
-Tone of voice

Question 20

What is the difference between single and double blind procedures?

Answer 20

Single=ppts don’t know if they’re in the experimental or controlled condition.
Double=ppts AND researcher doesn’t know.

Question 21

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 21

-Giving ppts the same tasks in an experiment multiple times
-Ppts are the same>results gained should be the same.
-Ppts scores can be correlated and a statistical test can be done to check to similarity, needs to have a ‘+0.8’ co-efficiency.

Question 22

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 22

-Extent of agreement between two observers.
-Measured by correlating the observations of 2 or more observers +0.8=higher inter-rater reliability.

Question 23

What is involved in the process of peer review? (3)

Answer 23

-Research gets sent for independent scrutiny by other psychologists.
-They consider things e.g. validity and suggest possible improvements.
-They see whether it should be published or not>prevents poor research making it into public domain.

Question 24

What is the difference between fabrication and plagiarism?

Answer 24

Fabrication=making things up and passing them as genuine.
Plagarism=taking credit for something someone else created.

Question 25

3 reasons for peer review?

Answer 25

-Allocate funding
-Validate the research
-Suggest improvements

Question 25

What are 2 limitations with peer review?
Explain them

Answer 25

-Anonymity:
anonymous>more criticism>element of competition>jealousy.
-Burying ground breaking research:
research contradicts long-established theories>more likely to be rejected by peer review>slows down advancements.

Question 25

Summarise pilot studies including 5 key words

Answer 25

-SMALL-SCALE version of an investigation
-Takes place BEFORE the real investigation
-CHANGES are often made to the design as a result
-DATA won’t be included in the final data set
-AVOIDS flawed designs>SAVES money and time

Question 26

What 3 things should you always include in an informed consent form?

Answer 26

1. details of what ppts are expected to do
2. ethical issues x2
3. name, date, signature

Question 27

What 5 things must you include in a debriefing form?

Answer 27

-Details of study
-Ethical issues
-OFFER COUNSELLIBG
-OPPORTUNITY TO ASK QUESTIONS
-signature