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italy summary pages > booklet 1+2 > Flashcards

booklet 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the ruling families of Piedmont, central duchies, Naples?

A

piedmont- Savoy
central duchies- Lorraine
Naples- Bourbon

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2
Q

List 3 actions by the French which increased Italian nationalism

A

-Conscription 27,000 men sent to Russia
-High taxation 60% used for French military
-Closed monasteries and were anti catholic

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3
Q

What was the name of the Treaty which reasserted Austrian control over Italy?

A

Congress of Vienna

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4
Q

What did Liberals want for Italy?

A

Free speech, constitutions, representative government, free trials

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5
Q

What did radicals want for Italy?

A

Free from Austrian control, Republic, representation

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6
Q

How were Austria able to keep tight military control of Venetia and Lombardy?

A

Quadrilateral fortress cities in northern Italy

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7
Q

List 4 ways in which Ferdinand III allowed Tuscany to become more enlightened

A

-Improved education
-reorganised the universities of Pisa and Siena
-spent more on girls’ education
-expanded health facilities

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8
Q

Define the following features of the Papal States: jesuits, zealots and inquisition

A

Jesuits – extreme Catholics who enforced church rule
Zealots – hard line popes
Inquisition – Catholic court to put heretics on trial

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9
Q

Define reactionary

A

Wishing to protect the status quo. Resistant of change.

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10
Q

How was Ferdinand of Naples reactionary?

A

Ferdinand cancelled the Sicilian constitution of 1812

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11
Q

name the 9 states

A

-piedmont-sardinia
-naples
-sicily
-modena
-parma
-tuscany
-lombardy
-venetia
-papal states

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12
Q

What % of Italians were Catholic?

A

90%

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13
Q

define political apathy and parochialism

A

Political apathy – no interest in politics (daily survival)
Parochialism – Only concerned with local affairs

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14
Q

Who were the 5 Great Powers?

A

GB, France, Prussia, Russia and Austria

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15
Q

What was the name of the Austrian chancellor who would not allow any form of Italian nationalism?

A

Metternich

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16
Q

List the name of 5 secret societies.

A

Aldefi, federati, Spillo Negro, Freemasons, Carbonari

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17
Q

What were 6 weaknesses of these secret societies?

A

-Divided aims
-Not work together
-different political outlooks
-only middle class
-secret
-no mass movement

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18
Q

Who made up the revolutionaries in Modena and Parma in 1830 and what did they revolt for?

A

Students for a constitution and free from Austria

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19
Q

What was the main reason for revolt in the Papal States?

A

Anti Papal rule

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20
Q

List 8 reasons for the failure of the 1830 Revolutions.

A

-Revolutions were local affairs, not national.
-No organisation between states.
-Too reliant on small secret societies, such as the Carbonari.
-Revolutionaries were mainly moderate and didn’t use violence.
-Popular support was not encouraged and the revolts were mainly middle class.
-Divided aims.
-Austria didn’t want any constitutions granted and had military strength.
-France weren’t interested in helping

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21
Q

What was the Risorgimento?

A

an ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people

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22
Q

list 6 examples of risorgimento

A

-Poets such as Giacomo Leopardi
-I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed) by Manzoni
-Artists such a Fattori and Lega
-Verdi’s “The Lombards of the first Crusade” and “Nabucco” (1842)
-Macchiaioli
-Antologia

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23
Q

Why was constitutional change not important to most Italians?

A

Political apathy because only daily survival mattered

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24
Q

What was the Riformisti and what did it believe?

A

A group who planned for the economic resurgence of Italy free from Austrian control. Wider part of Risorgimento movement.

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25
Q

What was life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

A

24

26
Q

What was the name of Mazzini’s nationalist, anti Austrian group?

A

Young Italy

27
Q

List 3 aims of young italy.

A

-All men free and equal
-Free from Austrian control
-Union of all Italian speaking provinces
-a republic
-Equal society with fair rights for all

28
Q

List three actions young italy took during the 1830s and 40s.

A

Genoa in 1831
-Piedmontese army in 1833
-Savoy in 1834
-1844 Bandiero brothers tried to start an uprising in Naples

29
Q

Summarise 4 reasons for the failures of Mazzini.

A

-Moderate liberals looked upon him as a dangerous radical and highlighted Italian divides.
-His attitude would stop Italy getting support from France.
-His ideas alienated the rich supporters of unification as he wanted to redistribute wealth.
-His republican stance meant he would alienate potential rulers.
-His ideas were too intellectual for the masses.
-Most of his supporters were from privileged, educated backgrounds.
-He was absent from Italy for long periods (40 years in total) and became out of touch with the situation
-He knew very little about the peasants and made little contact with them.

30
Q

What was the Albertisti and who supported it?

A

Balbo and Azeglio – King Of piedmont should lead Italy

31
Q

What were neo-guelphs and who supported it?

A

Gioberti – Pope should lead an Italin federation

32
Q

What was the name of the anti Austrian/Anti papal book written by Azeglio in 1846?

A

on recent events in romagna -1846

33
Q

Why did a revolution break out in Sicily? (2 reasons)

A

-Repressive actions of Ferdinand II
-Outbreak of Cholera

34
Q

What sparked the revolution in Naples? (3 reasons)

A

-Inspired by Sicily
-Outbreak of famine in Salerno
-Uprisings by secret societies – Bourbon officials killed
-Demands for a Constitution

35
Q

What was the “5 Glorious Days” in Milan?

A

-A boycott of tobacco inspires 10,000 people to present a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor general in Milan.
-Barricades are thrown up with Anti Austrian forces on one side and Austrian troops on the other.
-The Austrians withdraw to fortresses of the quadrilateral.

36
Q

Where did Daniel Manin set up a republic?

A

Venetia

37
Q

When did Charles Albert of Piedmont declare war on Austria?

A

March 22nd 1848

38
Q

What did the Papal Allocution of April 29th say and how did it affect Charles Albert?

A

-War with Austria doesn’t have his blessing, Charles Albert is the aggressor. -The papacy have no wish to lead a united Italy.
-This weakens Charles Albert’s position as many of his Catholic soldiers don’t want to go against the Pope.

39
Q

What battle did Charles Albert lose in July 1848?

A

Custozza

40
Q

What nickname did Ferdinand of Naples get and why?

A

king bomba
sept 1848 he dispatched 20,000 soldiers to seize Messina, followed by a 3 day long intensive bombardement, the Sicilian parliament surrendered

41
Q

What battle did Charles Albert lose in March 1849?

A

Novara

42
Q

When was the Roman republic declared?

A

February 1849

43
Q

Why does the Roman Republic collapse?

A

-Mazzini arrived too late
-20,000 French troops crushed it
-Militarily was too weak.

44
Q

Whose reputation is raised through his defence of the Roman republic?

A

Garibaldi

45
Q

List three examples of Mazzini’s failures in the 1850s

A

•1851-52, revolts in Sicily failed to win support.
•1853, Milan failed uprising damaged Mazzini’s reputation.
•1853 Lunigiana, 1854 Massa and 1856 Palermo all failed uprisings.
•Carlo Pisacane failed expedition to Sapri in May 1857.

46
Q

List 2 ways in which VEII could be a help to unification

A

-Allowed statuto to stand
-strong military man
-Allowed politicians to run Piedmont -Appointed Cavour
-Didn’t like the church

47
Q

What was the name of the anti clerical laws which were established in Piedmont in the 1850s?

A

Siccardi laws

48
Q

What was the coalition called which helped Cavour become PM?

A

connubio

49
Q

In 1855, how many monasteries and benefices did Cavour close down and why?

A

152 monasteries and 1700 benefices
to reduce the influence of the church and add the equivalent of £145,640 to the states income

50
Q

Why did Cavour betray Mazzini to the Austrians in 1853?

A

To show Piedmont’s stability so foreign powers might invest. To possibly distract Austria from what he was doing

51
Q

What three positions did Cavour hold in government in 1855 and why did he have all three?

A

Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and Finance Minister
to maintain government stability in order to modernise italy

52
Q

What other reforms did Cavour introduce to remove opposition to him?

A

Administrative reforms in the financial department in 1852, in the foreign office in 1853 and used La Marmora (Minister of War) to reform the army, to increase efficiency and remove conservative elements hostile to Cavour.

53
Q

Why was building railways and telegraph links to France so important?

A

Quick communication in event of war. Transport goods and troops.

54
Q

What were the motives of Cavour in encouraging foreign investment and trade from foreign powers?

A

Make foreign powers invested to the fate of Piedmont. In the event of a war then they would protect investments.

55
Q

Which two French bankers invested in Piedmont?

A

Rothschild and Lafitte

56
Q

How much railway did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?

A

819km

57
Q

Why was Austria being weakened by the 1850s?

A

Economic challenges from Prussia and the growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein an economic free trade arrangement

58
Q

How could you argue that it was VEII who wanted Piedmont involved in the Crimean War?

A

Threatened to sack Cavour and replace him with Thaon de Revel

59
Q

How many Piedmontese fought in the Crimea and how many died?

A

18000 fought
2000 deaths (30 from wounds, the rest from cholera)

60
Q

Where was the peace treaty and how did it benefit Piedmont?

A

Paris – given chance to complain about Austria.

italy summary pages (1 decks)

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