Booklet 1: 1796-1832

Question 1

1815

Answer 1

Restoration of Italian states by Act of the Congress of Vienna

Question 2

What was the restoration a result of?

Answer 2

End of Napoleonic wars

Question 3

What was reactionary rule?

Answer 3

When a ruler uses oppression to oppose change

Question 4

What was the Risorgimento?

Answer 4

‘Reawakening’. Used to describe the development of national identity and an awareness among Italians of common culture

Question 5

Was was the impact of the Risorgimento?

Answer 5

Limited, but there was a growing awareness among the literate class

Question 6

What was the unifying factor for most Italian nationalists?

Answer 6

To challenge Austrian influence and expel them from the Italian peninsula

Question 7

Why did most revolutions fail?

Answer 7

Regional differences, diversity of aims, and lack of foreign support

Question 8

What is an absolutist state?

Answer 8

A state without any restriction on the power or authority of the ruler

Question 9

What is temporal power?

Answer 9

The political power of the papacy

Question 10

What was the Kingdom of Sardinia made up of?

Answer 10

Piedmont on the mainland and the island of Sardinia

Question 11

Who ruled the Kingdom of Sardinian and where?

Answer 11

House of Savoy in Turin

Question 12

What was Sardinia like?

Answer 12

Backwards, poor and scarcely populated

Question 13

What did Victor Emmanuel I do in 1814?

Answer 13

Returned to Piedmont and began to restore the absolutist state

Question 14

What was the church restored to?

Answer 14

Its pre-Napoleonic privileged status

Question 15

What happened to Lombardy?

Answer 15

Before the Napoleonic wars it was part of the Austrian Empire, and afterwards it was returned to Austrian control in 1814

Question 16

Who ruled the Papal States pre-Napoleon?

Answer 16

Ruled by the head of the Catholic Church who resided in Rome, the Pope

Question 17

What happened to the Papal States post-Napoleon?

Answer 17

Pope Pius VII was restored to his position as spiritual and temporal ruler

Question 18

What was Venetia like pre and post-Napoleon?

Answer 18

Had lost its importance as a trading power, and fell under Napoleonic rule, but afterwards was annexed to Austria

Question 19

What were the Central Duchies?

Answer 19

Tuscany, Modena and Parma

Question 20

What were the Central Duchies like during the Napoleonic period?

Answer 20

Amalgamated in 1801 into the Kingdom of Etruria

Question 21

What happened to the Central Duchies post-Napoleon?

Answer 21

Left them firmly under Austrian influence

Question 22

What was the Kingdom of Naples made up of?

Answer 22

Sicily and the southern part of the mainland, poorest region in Italy

Question 23

Who was restored to the Kingdom of Naples in 1815?

Answer 23

Bourbon King Ferdinand I, Church was restored to its position of power

Question 24

What was the Carbonari?

Answer 24

‘Charcoal Burners’, secret society committed to the rights of the people and was prepared to use violence and revolution to achieve its aims

Question 25

Where was the Carbonari strongest?

Answer 25

In Naples where it had as many as 60,000 members following the restoration in 1815

Question 26

What happened in 1820-21?

Answer 26

Uprisings and revolutions in Naples, Sicily, and Piedmont which reflected dissatisfaction with rulers and local issues

Question 27

What was the result of 1820-21?

Answer 27

Did not go as far as to challenge Austrian hegemony nor form the basis of a movement demanding change on a national basis, number of Italian revolutionaries fled abroad

Question 28

Through the 1820 was there any national movements?

Answer 28

No, but there were groups with grievances with the rulers and so joined secret societies

Question 29

Who were the types of people that joined secret societies?

Answer 29

Those who’d lost out from the restoration of the old monarchies, those who lost political rights

Question 30

What was another secret society?

Answer 30

Adelfi, strongly anti-french society, but by 1818 its main aim was the destruction of Austrian rule leading to a democratic republic

Question 31

What was the fundamental economic issue?

Answer 31

Ownership of land

Question 32

What was industrial development like?

Answer 32

Certain regions, focus on textiles and light industry, relied on foreign imports, slow in North but non-existent in South

Question 33

When was the first railway built?

Answer 33

1839

Question 34

When were the widespread famines?

Answer 34

1814, 1818, mid-1840s and 1853

Question 35

When were the Cholera outbreaks?

Answer 35

1835-1837