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Shalini - Khan academy Psy > Book1 > Flashcards

Book1 Flashcards

1
Q

perceptual organization

A

depth, form, motion, constancy

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2
Q

Binocular cues

A

Two eyes allow them to recieve visual cues from the environment.

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3
Q

binocular cues

A

depth, retinal disparity, covergence

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4
Q

retinal disparity

A

eyes are 2.5 inches apart

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5
Q

convergence

A

Gives humans a sense of depth based on how much the eyeball has turned

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6
Q

monocular cues

A

See things with one eye

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7
Q

Relative size

A

closer object appear bigger

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8
Q

Interposition (overlap)

A

Perception that one object is in front of another. An object that is in front is closer.

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9
Q

relative height

A

things higher in our field of vision look further away

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10
Q

shading and contours

A

using light and shadows to percieve form depth/contours-crater/moutain

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11
Q

motion parallax

A

relative motion, things farther move slower, things closer move faster

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12
Q

constancy

A

perception of object doesnt change despite image on retina changing, we are smarter, size/shape/color constancy

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13
Q

size constancy

A

if object is closer we dont perceive it as bigger just because its close, we know its the same size

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14
Q

shape constancy

A

a changing shape still maintains the same shape perception.

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15
Q

Color constancy

A

the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

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16
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Ability of our senses to adapt and change their sensitivity stimuli

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17
Q

Weber’s law

A

JND= just noticeable difference

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18
Q

Linear relationship of jnd

A

Linear relationship between threshold and background intensity

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19
Q

Weber’s Law (math)

A

ΔI (JND)/I (initial intensity) = k (constant)

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20
Q

absolute threshold of sensation

A

differences based on the individual

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21
Q

Absolute threshold of sensation (graph)

A

May not hear all of the sounds a 100% of the times.

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22
Q

Absolute threshold is NO T equal to jnd?

A

Difference threshold- difference between the when the light got brighter

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23
Q

Factors that affect absolute threshold

A

(1) Expectations- eg. expecting a text

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24
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation

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25
Q

somatosensation

A

Receive info on intensity, timing, location

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26
Q

Somatosenation types

A

(1) Temperature = thermoreception

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27
Q

intensity

A

how quickly the neurons fire’

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28
Q

timing

A

Neurons encode 3 ways of timing:-

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29
Q

vestibular system

A

balance and orientation

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30
Q

inner ear=

A

semicircular canals (posterior, lateral, anterior)

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31
Q

endolymph

A

inner ear filled with endolymph to detect motion of the fluid with rotation

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32
Q

otolithic organs=

A

utricle and saccule,

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33
Q

Otolithic organs function

A
  1. detect linear acceleration
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34
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals

A

When the head moves:

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35
Q

What happens when the balance goes wrong?

A

(1) Dizziness

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36
Q

Dizziness

A

Endolymph doesn’t stop spinning the same time as we do, so it continues

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37
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

how we make decision under conditions of uncertainty, discern between importnat stimuli and unimportant “noise”

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38
Q

SDT in psychology

A

ex. if given 2 lists in psych experiment and then person asks which words came from first list, they would be uncertain

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39
Q

SDT example

A

It’s foggy day & you have to decide when to start driving. How strong does a signal have to be for you to drive? Signal is present or absent (red). or traffic light in the fog and can’t tell

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40
Q

signal detection theory

A

-Hit, the subject responded affirmative when a signal was present,

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41
Q

type I error

A

false positive

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42
Q

type II error

A

false negative

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43
Q

d’

A

*dick is strong= strength

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44
Q

c’

A

C= strategy

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45
Q

Types of C’ strategy

A

(1) Conservative (2) Liberal

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46
Q

Conservative

A

always say no unless you are 100% sure the signal is present

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47
Q

Liberal

A

liberal strategy= always say yes

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48
Q

signal detection theory pt 2 graph

A

noise distribution and signal distribution

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49
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Stimulus influences –> what we perceive (our

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50
Q

top-down processing

A

use background knowledge –> influence perception, ex. where’s waldo

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51
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

tries to explain how we perceive things the way we do

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52
Q

Law of similarity

A

items similar to one another grouped together by brain.

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53
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form possible

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54
Q

law of proximity

A

objects near each other tend to be grouped together

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55
Q

law of continuity

A

lines are seen as following the smoothest path

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56
Q

Law of closure

A

objects grouped together are seen as a whole

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57
Q

Law of Symmetry (Gestalt)

A

the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a

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58
Q

law of common fate

A

if half dots move up and half dots move down we perceive the dots as 2 distinct units

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59
Q

law of past experiences

A

visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience

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60
Q

context effects

A

context of how stimuli are presented influences how people perceive the stimuli

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61
Q

vision

A

conjunctiva= thin layer inside eyelid

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62
Q

Trasnmission

A

Electrical activation of one neuron by another

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63
Q

Processing

A

Nueral signal –> perception

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64
Q

Transduction

A

Energy transform from one form to anohter

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65
Q

Light pathways

A

Light enters –> pupil –> rods/ cones –> bipolar cell –> retinal ganglion cell –> optic nerve –> brain

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66
Q

Cones

A

Red + Green + Blue

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67
Q

Fovea

A

center of macular

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68
Q

phototransduction cascade

A

ROD ON —> ROD OFF

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69
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Found in the retina

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70
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Found on retina

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71
Q

Optic nerve

A

visual signals go from ganglion cells to optic nerve (They are just axons of the ganglion cells)

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72
Q

trichromatic theory of color

A

3 cones in eye, red, green, blue

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73
Q

opponent process theory

A

cones perceive 4 colors: red, green, blue, YELLOW

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74
Q

Retina

A

made of rods + cones

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75
Q

Phototransduction cascade

A

turn off retina

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76
Q

Light hits rods

A

light –> neural impulse

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77
Q

rods

A

Optic disks stacked on top of each other

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78
Q

Retinal

A

Protien inside rhodopsin

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79
Q

mechanism of vision

A

rhodopsin in the rods, has a cis-retinal molecule

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80
Q

Transducin

A

3 different parts - attached to the rhodopsin

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81
Q

What happens when rhodopsin changes shape?

A

rhodopsin changes shape –> transducin breaks from rhodopsin –> alpha subunit binds to another disk protein called phosphodiesterase (PDE)

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82
Q

PDE

A

Takes cGMP –> converts to GMP

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83
Q

Na+ channels on rods

A

Allow Na+ ions to ocme in

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84
Q

Na+ unbound of cGMP

A

less Na+ enters

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85
Q

What happens to bipolar cells when light enters?

A

When light hits ROD –> turned off–> on center bipolar cells active –> off center bipolar cells inactive

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86
Q

On center bipolar cells

A

ON CENTER = TURN ON WITH LIGHT

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87
Q

Rod turne don

A

ROD on –> on center bipolar inactive –> off center active –> activate off center retinal ganglion cell –> send signal to optic nerve

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88
Q

Photopsin

A

Rhodopsin in cones

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89
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Light –> neural impulse

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90
Q

Light hits rhodopsin

A

trigger phototransduction cascade

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91
Q

Diff b/w rods and cones

A

(1) More rods

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92
Q

visual field

A

L field of vision hits the R side of both eyes (so the nasal side of L eye and the temporal side of R eye)

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93
Q

feature detection

A

color= trichromatic theory

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94
Q

audition (sound)

A

pressure wave stimuli and hair cell

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95
Q

place theory

A

perception of sound depends on where each freq produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

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96
Q

hearing mechanism

A

hair bundle in upper membrane of organ of corti, has kinocilium (stereocilia) connected by tip links which have K+ channels

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97
Q

basilar tuning

A

varying hair cells in cochlea

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98
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

in the Temporal lobe

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99
Q

cochlear implants

A

restores hearing from “nerve deafness”= sensorineural hearing loss

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100
Q

sensory adaptation

A

change over time of receptor to a constant stimulus

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101
Q

sensory homunculus

A

different areas of body have signals that go to different parts of the strip

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102
Q

proprioception

A

spindle receptor/sensor located in muscles

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103
Q

pain/temp

A

pain= nociception

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104
Q

gate control theory

A

NAME?

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105
Q

pheromones

A

chemical signal to indicate an innate response to member of same species or another species

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106
Q

olfaction

A

sends info to olfactory bulb

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107
Q

mechanism of olfaction

A

olfactory molecule binds to GPCR receptor on olfactory receptor cell then G protein dissociates causeing binding to ion channel which allows outside ions to come in triggering AP which goes to cribiform plate to glomerulus to mitral cell which then synapses on the brain

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108
Q

labeled-line theory of olfaction

A

each receptor responds to specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain in that way

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109
Q

vibrational theory of olfaction

A

vibrational frequency of a molecule gives that molecule its specific odor profile

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110
Q

steric theory/shape theory of olfaction

A

odors fit into receptors similar to lock-and-key

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111
Q

anosmia

A

inability to perceive odor

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112
Q

taste

A

bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami

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113
Q

labeled lines model of taste

A

each taste bud receptor has 5 axons which all send each dif taste to different parts of the gustatory cortex and they remain separate in the brain

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114
Q

sweet/umami/bitter

A

GPCR receptors

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115
Q

sour/salty

A

ion channels

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116
Q

what if we put salty receptor inside a sweet cell?

A

still interprets it as a sweet signal because the cell will be depolarized by the salty ion channel opening but then it fires to the sweet glomerulus

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117
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of self and environment, states range from alertness to sleep

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118
Q

alertness

A

you’re awake, focus attention

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119
Q

daydreaming

A

feel more relaxed adn less focused, light-meditation

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120
Q

drowsiness

A

just before falling asleep, self-induced deep meditation

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121
Q

sleep

A

not aware of self of world around you

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122
Q

sleep stages

A

4 main stages

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123
Q

N1

A

first non-rapid eye movement sleep stage

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124
Q

N2

A

deeper stage of sleep, harder to awaken

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125
Q

N3

A

slow wave sleep, very difficult to awaken

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126
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement stage

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127
Q

sleep

A

cycle through the stages 4-5 times per night, each one 90 minutes

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128
Q

circadian rhythm

A

regular body rhythms acorss 24 hour period

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129
Q

dreaming

A

when eyes are moving rapidly under eyelids

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130
Q

freud theory of dreams

A

unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted, little scientific support

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131
Q

evolutionary biology theory of dreams

A

threat simulation to prepare for real world, problem solving, no purpose

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132
Q

other dream theories

A

maintain brain flexibility

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133
Q

memory consolidation dream theory

A

to conolidate memories in deep sleep

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134
Q

activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams

A

brain gets neural iimpulses in brainstem

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135
Q

sleep deprivation

A

irritable and worse memory

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136
Q

how much sleep is needed

A

7-8 hours adults

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137
Q

insomnia

A

persistent trouble falling or staying asleep

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138
Q

narcolepsy

A

can’t help themselves from falling asleep

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139
Q

sleep apnea

A

1/20 people

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140
Q

sleep walking/talking

A

genetic

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141
Q

induced states of consciousness

A

hypnosis and medications

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142
Q

hypnotism

A

relax and focus on breathing, more susceptible to suggestion in this state

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143
Q

dissociation theory of hypnosis

A

extreme form of divided consciousness

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144
Q

social influence theory of hypnosis

A

people do and report what’s expected of them, like actors caught in their roles

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145
Q

meditation

A

training to regulate attention and awareness

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146
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

alter consciousness and perceptions

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147
Q

depressants

A

lower body fx and neural activity, dec hr, dec bp

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148
Q

stimulants

A

enhance CNS, inc bp/hr, inc alertness

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149
Q

hallucinogen/psychedelics

A

seeing/hearing things

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150
Q

opiates

A

opiate= natural

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151
Q

cannabis

A

marijuana, hallucinogen and depressant or stimulant

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152
Q

MDMA

A

stimulant or hallucinogen

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153
Q

drug classification

A

baed on legal status and how likely to be abused

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154
Q

homeostasis

A

how you maintain temp, hr, metabolism

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155
Q

routes of drug entry

A

oral= slow, GI tract, 30 mins

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156
Q

reward pathway in brain

A

ventral tegmental area

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157
Q

animal model of reward pathway

A

if you give non-addicted rat regular food it likes w/ substance that makes it sick, the rat learns to avoid the food

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158
Q

addiction

A

inc genetic risk

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159
Q

tolerance

A

get used to drug so need more to achieve same effect

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160
Q

cross tolerance

A

reducion in efficacy or responsiveness to novel drug due to common CNS target

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161
Q

withdrawal symptoms

A

when you dont have the drug

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162
Q

drug processes

A

intoxication and withdrawl

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163
Q

withdrawal stages

A

acute= few weeks, physical withdrawal, for alcohol seen 2 days after and then gets better

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164
Q

substance-induced disorders

A

mood/sleep disorders

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165
Q

substance-use disorders

A

drug causes serious degree of impairment of life functioning

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166
Q

methadone

A

used to treat heroine addiction because activates opiate receptors but more slowly so dampens the high and reduces the craving

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167
Q

CBT

A

cognitive behavioral therapy

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168
Q

motivational interviewing

A

find intrinsic motivation to change, goal oriented therapy, few sessions can be doorway to another treatment

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169
Q

group meeting

A

AA, 12-step program

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170
Q

relapse

A

patient slips and goes back to dependence

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171
Q

divided attention

A

switching attn between 2 tasks rather than doing them simultaneously, when performing 2 tasks which require attn simultaneously

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172
Q

joint attention

A

focus on object by 2 separate individuals

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173
Q

direct attention

A

attn focused on single sustainable task

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174
Q

selective attention

A

selecting one thing at a time (studying vs. TV)

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175
Q

exogenous/external cues

A

pop in the corner

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176
Q

endogenous/internal cues

A

requires internal knowledge

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177
Q

cocktail party effect

A

concentrate on one voice in a crowd

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178
Q

inattentional blindness

A

aka perceptual blindness

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179
Q

change blindness

A

fail to notice changes from previous to current state in environment

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180
Q

distal stimuli

A

events out in world around you

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181
Q

proximal stimuli

A

patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses

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182
Q

covert orienting

A

act of brining attnetion to something without body/eye movement

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183
Q

overt orienting

A

person turns body to maximize sensory impact

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184
Q

neglect syndrome

A

damage to brain causes loss in capacity of spatial dimension or divided attention

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185
Q

vigilance attention

A

detect signal of interest, allows for priming

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186
Q

alerting attention

A

affected by aging, norepinephrine modulates it in locus coerculus

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187
Q

orienting attention

A

capacity to change focus of attention from one stimulus to another, modulated by acetylcholine from basal forebrain

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188
Q

basal forebrain

A

striatum, nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, septal nuclei

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189
Q

executive attention

A

goal-directed behavior

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190
Q

shadowing task

A

theory of selective attention

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191
Q

broadbent’s early selection theory

A

info goes into sensory register which stores everything

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192
Q

Deutch and Deutch’s late selection theory

A

selective filter after perceptual processes

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193
Q

treisman’s attenuation theory

A

we have an attenuator that weakens but doesn’t eliminate input from the unattended ear

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194
Q

Johnson and Heinz propositin

A

location of info attenuator was able to be varied by listener depending on demand needed for a particular task

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195
Q

spotlight model of attention

A

take info from 5 senses but dont pay attention to everything

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196
Q

resource model of attention

A

limited resources ni attention, inability to multitask

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197
Q

tast similarity

A

harder to multitask with similar tasks

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198
Q

task difficulty

A

harder tasks require more focsu

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199
Q

information processing model

A

brains are similar ot computers

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200
Q

sensory memory

A

iconic= memory for what you see, lasts .5 seconds

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201
Q

partial report technique

A

report one part of the whole field in cued recall, 75% of visual display accessible to memory

202
Q

whole report technique

A

recall elements from original display in proper spatial location

203
Q

working memory

A

short term memory

204
Q

visuo-spatial sketchpat

A

visual and spatial info processes

205
Q

phonological loop

A

capacity is 2 seconds

206
Q

central executive

A

controls phonologic loop

207
Q

dual coding hypothesis

A

easier to remember words associated wtih images than either one alone

208
Q

method of loci

A

imagine moving through familiar space while memorizing things

209
Q

operational span testing

A

perform math then read a word and recall test

210
Q

long-term memory

A

explicit= declarative

211
Q

explicit

A

facts/events

212
Q

implicit

A

previosu experiences help you perform the task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences

213
Q

priming

A

implicit memory, exposure to stimulus affects response to another stimulus

214
Q

autobiographical memory

A

episodes of individual’s life

215
Q

encoding

A

transfer info from temporary storage to long-term memory

216
Q

rote rehearsal

A

say same thing over and over again

217
Q

chunking

A

group info into meaningful categories

218
Q

mnemonic devices

A

imagery

219
Q

self-referencing

A

think about how it relates to you personally

220
Q

spacing

A

spread out study sessions

221
Q

retreival

A

try to remember memory of something you learned before

222
Q

context

A

environment you encode in

223
Q

state-dependent

A

your state at time of encoding makes a difference

224
Q

serial position effects

A

tendency to remember first few items and last few items and those in the middle are worse

225
Q

schema

A

mental blueprint containing common aspects of world

226
Q

false info

A

inaccurate recollection

227
Q

misleading info

A

see car crash video and asked how fast they were going when asked when “hit” or “smashed”

228
Q

source monitoring

A

forget where they got the info from

229
Q

flashbulb memory

A

emotional memory

230
Q

long-term potentiation

A

connections between neurons strentchen, synaptic plasticity

231
Q

decay

A

when we dont encode it well or retreive it for a while we can’t recall it

232
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

studied decay, forgetting rate is very fast but if you remember it after initial stages it levels out

233
Q

retroactive interference

A

new learning impairs old info

234
Q

proactive interference

A

something you learned in the past impairs future learning

235
Q

aging

A

implicit memory and recognition memory are stable

236
Q

dementia

A

decline in memory from damage to brain tissue, stroke

237
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

nrusons die off so cerebral cortex shrinks

238
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

lack of B1 or thiamine

239
Q

wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

precursor to korsakoff’s syndrome

240
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t recall previously encoded info

241
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t encode new memories

242
Q

hierarchical semantic network

A

store info at highest category possible

243
Q

cognitive economy principle

A

brain is efficient

244
Q

modified semantic network

A

network develops based on experience and knowledge

245
Q

Piaget’s theory of development

A

1 is bun, 2 is shoe, 3 is tree, 4 is door

246
Q

stage 1

A

0-2 years old

247
Q

stage 2

A

2-6/7 years old

248
Q

stage 3

A

7-11 years old

249
Q

stage 4

A

12+ years old

250
Q

assimilation

A

how we describe new info in terms of our current understanding

251
Q

accomodation

A

how we later adjust schemas to incorporate new experiences, to remember

252
Q

well-defines problems

A

clear starting and end point

253
Q

ill-defined problems

A

ambiguous, no ovbious goal, ex how to live a happy life

254
Q

trial and error

A

guess til something works

255
Q

algorithm

A

logical step by step procedule til you hit the right one

256
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcut, dont guaruntee correct solution but simplify complex problems

257
Q

means-end analysis

A

heuristic where we analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems then attack problem that has the most difference between current state and goal state

258
Q

working backward

A

start at goal state and figure out how to get to current state

259
Q

fixation

A

gettign stuck on wrong approach

260
Q

insight

A

aha moment

261
Q

incubate

A

insight comes after time

262
Q

availability heuristic

A

examples that come to mind

263
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

match a prototype

264
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

co-occurence of 2 instances is not more likely than 1 individually

265
Q

overconfidence

A

fluency (ease of processing) during studying

266
Q

belief perseverance

A

ignore disconfirming facts

267
Q

confirmation bias

A

actively seek out info that confirms your beliefs

268
Q

framing effects

A

saying 2/3 change no one would be saved or 1/3 no one dies

269
Q

spreading activation

A

activate one concept activates related concepts

270
Q

Spearman’s general intelligence

A

evidence from fact that people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other test types

271
Q

theory of multiple intelligences- Robert Sternburg

A

analytical (academic and problem solving)= IQ score (avg 100, sd= 15), high analytical tend to do best in school

272
Q

emotional intelligence

A

perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions in interactions

273
Q

fluid vs. crystallized intelligence

A

fluid= reason quickly and abstractly, ex. new problem solving, “thinking on your feat”

274
Q

alfred-binet

A

first developed an intelligence test on accident

275
Q

lewis Terman

A

modified Binet’s test and added teenagers and adults

276
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

heritability studies in twins raised separate vs. together and fraternal twins raised together

277
Q

fixed mindset

A

intelligence is biologically set and unchanging

278
Q

growth mindset

A

intelligence is changeable if you learn more

279
Q

Galton’s idea of hereditary genius

A

human ability is hereditary

280
Q

Binet’s idea of mental age

A

how children at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average performance for that age

281
Q

convergent intelligence

A

Guilford

282
Q

Spearman theory of intelligence

A

factor analysis and general intelligence

283
Q

Thurnstone

A

7 factors of intelligence

284
Q

Howard Gardner

A

7-9 independent intelligences, don’t depend on each other

285
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

3 independent intelligences: analytical, creative, practical

286
Q

one general intelligence

A

suggested by research

287
Q

cognitive declines as you age

A

recall

288
Q

cognitition that’s stable as you age

A

implicit memory (riding bike)

289
Q

cognitive improvement

A

semantic

290
Q

language

A

left hemisphere of brain

291
Q

broca’s area

A

frontal lobe

292
Q

wernicke’s area

A

temporal

293
Q

aphasia

A

communication disorder, prob with language, speaking, listening, reading, writing

294
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

non-fluent aphasia

295
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

fluent aphasia/receptive aphasia

296
Q

global aphasia

A

both broca and wernicke are damaged

297
Q

conduction aphasia

A

associative aphasia

298
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

299
Q

anomia

A

inability to name things

300
Q

neural plasticity

A

can retrain brain by strengthening synapses even after damage

301
Q

sever corpus callosum

A

have trouble naming objects even if both hemispheres are perfectly functioning

302
Q

split-brain patient

A

severing of corpus callosum

303
Q

contralateral brain organization

A

left visual field processed by right brain

304
Q

left brain

A

logical

305
Q

right brain

A

random

306
Q

right side of brian

A

action/perception/attention

307
Q

prosody

A

R hemisphere

308
Q

having dif words for color

A

does that mean you think about color differently?

309
Q

behaviourists

A

empiricitst, believe language is just conditioned bx

310
Q

nativist

A

rationalist, language must be innate

311
Q

materialist

A

look at what happens in brain when people think/speak/write

312
Q

universalism

A

thought determines langauge completely

313
Q

Piaget

A

cognitive development in children

314
Q

Vygotsky

A

language and thought are independent, but converge through development

315
Q

linguistic determinism

A

language has an influence on thought

316
Q

Weak linguistic determinism (relativism)

A

language influences thought, makes it easier for us to think in certain ways based on how language is structured

317
Q

strong linguistic determinism (sapir-whorfian hypothesis)

A

language determines thought completely

318
Q

nativist perspective- Noam Chomsky

A

children are born with ability to learn language

319
Q

critical period- Chomsky

A

sensitive period

320
Q

learning (behaviorist theory)- BF Skinner

A

children acquire lang through operant conditioning

321
Q

interactionist approach- Vygotsky

A

social interaction approach

322
Q

9-12 months

A

babbling

323
Q

12-18 months

A

one word per month

324
Q

18-20 months

A

explosion of language and combining words

325
Q

2-3 years

A

longer sentences (3 words or more)

326
Q

5 years

A

langauge rules largely mastered

327
Q

lexical access

A

identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning which has been stored in LTM

328
Q

phonology

A

phonetic component, “sound system”

329
Q

morphology

A

structure of words

330
Q

semantics

A

meaning of word

331
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together in a sentence

332
Q

pragmatics

A

dependences of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

333
Q

limbic system

A

emotion

334
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station

335
Q

amygdala

A

aggression center

336
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrom

A

destroyed amygdala

337
Q

hippocampus

A

forming new memories

338
Q

hypothalamus

A

below thalamus

339
Q

cerebral cortex and emotions

A

+ emotions on L side (R handed people are more positive)— more social kids have more activity in L hemisphere and more joyful/happy people

340
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for higher order functions

341
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

342
Q

parasympathetic ns

A

rest and digest

343
Q

3 components of emotion

A

physiological= hr inc, muscle tense when surprised

344
Q

Paul Ekman: 6 universal emotions

A

happines

345
Q

universally recognizable emotions

A

newborns have the same emotions as grown ups

346
Q

James-Lange theory of emotions

A

experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological response

347
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

disagree with James-Lange theory, found flaws in idea that physiological response triggered emotion

348
Q

Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion

A

physiological and cognitive responses simultaneously form experience of emotion

349
Q

Lazarus theory

A

experience of emotion depends on how the situation is cognitively appraised (labelled)

350
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

bell curve

351
Q

conceptual act model of emotion

A

suggests that emotions are not biologically hardwired but instead emerge in consciousness in the moment

352
Q

complex emotions

A

require person expressing that emotion to understand and be aware of him/herself

353
Q

core affect

A

pleasure, tension, energy

354
Q

dimension approach

A

emotinos measured in terms of dimensions like arousal (high/low) and valence (+/-)

355
Q

emotions as discrete systems

A

theories regarding universal emotions

356
Q

mood

A

lasts longer than emotions, global not specific

357
Q

prototypical emotional episode

A

multiple co-occuring components

358
Q

stress

A

process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threads and challenges

359
Q

stressor

A

threatening/challenging event

360
Q

stress reaction

A

subsequent physical and emotional response

361
Q

richard lazarus- appraisal theory of stress

A

stress arises less from physical events but more from assessment/interpretation of those events

362
Q

primary appraisal

A

assessing stress in present situation

363
Q

secondary appraisal

A

evaluation of individual’s ability to cope with the situation

364
Q

significant life change

A

sig change to personal life

365
Q

catastrophic event

A

large scale event that everyone considers threatening

366
Q

daily hassles

A

seemingly minor events of daily life

367
Q

ambient stressors

A

global stressors integrated into the environment

368
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenal medulla

369
Q

adrenal medulla

A

release catecholamines (epi, norepi)

370
Q

adrenal cortex

A

release cortisol

371
Q

oxytocin

A

peer bonding and moderates stress response

372
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) by Hans Selye

A

1) alarm phase= stress rxn kicks in, ready for fight or flight

373
Q

damaging effects of stress on heart

A

hypertension

374
Q

stress and metabolism

A

secretes cortisold and glucagon which converts glycogen to glucose

375
Q

stress and reproduction

A

reproduction gets shut down during stress response

376
Q

stress and immune fx

A

causes inflamation, can attack our own body

377
Q

behavior and stress

A

hippocampus= learning/memory

378
Q

learned helplessness

A

have control ripped out of your hands so learn that you don’t have control so lose ability to identify with coping mechanisms b/c less control of outcome of your life

379
Q

Friedman and Rosenman anger

A

testing that stress is associated wtih inc vulnerability to heart disease

380
Q

anxiety

A

amygdala

381
Q

addiction

A

alcohol/tobacco

382
Q

stress management

A

perceived control

383
Q

coping

A

conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems and seeking to master/minimize/tolerate stress or conflict

384
Q

adaptive coping/positive coping

A

proactive coping

385
Q

maladaptive coping/negative coping

A

they reduce symptoms while maintaining and strengthening the disorder

386
Q

overcompensation- maladaptive

A

aggression/hostility

387
Q

surrender-maladaptive

A

compliance/dependence

388
Q

avoidance

A

social withdrawl

389
Q

low-effort syndrome/coping

A

coping response of minority groups in attempt to fit into the dominant culture

390
Q

basic brain fx

A

motor, sensory, automatic (reflexes)

391
Q

higher brain fx

A

cognition, emotions, consciousness

392
Q

lower motor neurons

A

efferent in PNS synapse onto skeletal muscles

393
Q

LMN signs

A

atrophy, fasciculations (involuntary twitches of skeletal muscles)

394
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

NAME?

395
Q

chemoreceptor

A

NAME?

396
Q

themoreceptor

A

skin, hypothalamus

397
Q

photoreceptor

A

eyes (rods/cones)

398
Q

MCM RP

A

man crush monday corpuscle

399
Q

meissner corpuscle skin

A

papillary dermis

400
Q

merkel disk

A

papillary dermis

401
Q

ruffinis ending

A

reticular dermis

402
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

hypodermis

403
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

hairy skin

404
Q

positoin/vibration/touch

A

large diameter axons that are myelinated

405
Q

muscle stretch reflex

A

same side afferent and efferent

406
Q

somatosensory neurons

A

afferent in muscle spindles form excitatory synapses in spinal cord w another neuron in spinal cord to excite skeletal muscle cells to contract LMN

407
Q

gray matter

A

most of the neuron somas

408
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

409
Q

upper motor neurons

A

control LMN

410
Q

hyperreflexia

A

inc the muscle stretch reflexes

411
Q

clonus

A

rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle

412
Q

hypertonia

A

inc tone of skel muscle, red muscle stretch

413
Q

extensor plantar response

A

if you take hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor, toes come down on the objectbut with extensor toes extend up

414
Q

cerebral cortex bumps

A

inc cellular mass/surface area

415
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor cortex= body movements

416
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex

417
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

418
Q

temporal lobe

A

sound

419
Q

contralateral control

A

L brain controls R body

420
Q

domain hemisphere

A

language, math

421
Q

nondominant hemisphere

A

emotional tone of language, big picture concepts

422
Q

old brain

A

all occur outside of our awareness

423
Q

cerebellum

A

motor plan

424
Q

brainstem

A

connects all parts of brain together including cranial nerves

425
Q

reticular formation

A

role in autonomic fx (resp, digestion)

426
Q

long tracts

A

collections of axons connecting cerebrum and brainstem

427
Q

pons

A

reglates walking and relaxing

428
Q

medulla

A

regulate autonomic activity of heart and lungs

429
Q

internal capsule

A

contains corticospinal tract

430
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects R and L hemisphere

431
Q

basal ganglia

A

major role in motor fx

432
Q

thalamus

A

sensory fx

433
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary gland

434
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

435
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory in brain

436
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory in spinal cord

437
Q

acetylcholine

A

nuclei in frontal lobe release to cerebral cortex

438
Q

histamine

A

from hypothalamus sends to cerebral cortex

439
Q

norepinephrine

A

in pons called locus coerculus that releases it to cerebral cortex

440
Q

serotonin

A

released by lots of nuclei from all over brainstem called raphe nuclei

441
Q

dopamine

A

ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra

442
Q

DA in substantia nigra

A

for motor planning

443
Q

DA in VTA

A

goes to prefrontal cortex via mesocortical pathway

444
Q

DA in VTA to

A

to nucleus acumbens, amygdala, hippocampus

445
Q

amino acid nt

A

gaba and glycine

446
Q

peptide neurotrans

A

opiods

447
Q

monoamine nt

A

catecholamines (dopamine, epi, norepi)

448
Q

other nt

A

ACh

449
Q

parkinson’s

A

low levels of dopamine

450
Q

schizophrenia

A

high levels of dopamine

451
Q

endorphina

A

block pain sensations

452
Q

phenologists

A

each brain area is devoted to certain personality characteristic, thought, emotion— wrong! each brain area associated with specific tasks

453
Q

Broca’s area

A

pt had a loss of speech but no other disorder

454
Q

lesion studies

A

tissue removal

455
Q

neurochemical lesions

A

kainic acid= destroy cell bodies but doesnt influence axons passing by

456
Q

ways of studying brain

A

structure vs. function

457
Q

brain structure tests

A

CAT and Magnets (MRI) used to make buildings

458
Q

function tests

A

EEG can tell you info, MEG rhymes with EEG

459
Q

CAT

A

computerized axial tomography

460
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

461
Q

EEG

A

electroecephalogram

462
Q

MEG

A

megnetoencephalogram

463
Q

fMRI

A

functional MRI

464
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomogrpahy

465
Q

autocrine

A

hormone effects the cell that makes it

466
Q

paracrine

A

hormone has a regional effect

467
Q

endocrine s

A

hormone causes a response that is far away

468
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

FLAT PEG

469
Q

posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic/vasopressin)

470
Q

thyroid

A

regulates body metabolism

471
Q

parathyroid

A

4 spots on back of thyroid

472
Q

adrenal gland

A

on top of kidney

473
Q

gonads

A

ovareis and testes

474
Q

pancreas

A

regulates blood sugar

475
Q

hormones general

A

go everywhere but only picked up by cells with receptors

476
Q

negative feedback thyroid

A

hypothalamus releases TRH

477
Q

sperm

A

male genetic material

478
Q

egg cell

A

really big, not mobile

479
Q

fertilization

A

sperm and egg meet

480
Q

sperm binding

A

sperm comes in contact with zona pellucida

481
Q

acrosome reaction

A

enzyms leak into zona pellucida and digest it so sperm gets closer to plasma membrane of egg

482
Q

cortical reaction

A

enzymes in egg get ejected to zona pellucida that digest it to prevent other sperm from binding

483
Q

genetic transfer

A

cortical granules are released adn plasma membranes fuse and nuclear DNA comes in and mitochondrial DNA

484
Q

embryogenesis

A

zygote

485
Q

morula

A

when it is 32 cells

486
Q

blastocyst

A

inner cell mass

487
Q

epiplasts

A

cells above hypoblast after forming amniotic cavity

488
Q

bilamar disk

A

epiblast and hypoplast

489
Q

primitive stream forms

A

where epiblast cells begin to migrate

490
Q

gastrulation

A

trilaminar disk

491
Q

neurulation

A

core in mesoderm differentiates into notochord

492
Q

implantation

A

endometrium lining thickens forming valleys called crypt

493
Q

endoderm

A

becomes GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas (GLLP) (GULP)

494
Q

mesoderm

A

forms inner layers of skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidneys, bladder, ovaries and testes

495
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system, sweat glands, hair, skin, outer layer of skin (Nerv and outer)

496
Q

fertilization

A

week 2

497
Q

embryogenesis

A

divided cells and have organ systems formed

498
Q

week 10

A

fetal development

499
Q

40 weeks

A

full term

500
Q

preterm

A

before 37 weeks

Shalini - Khan academy Psy (1 decks)

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