Book1 Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
perceptual organization
A
depth, form, motion, constancy
2
Q
Binocular cues
A
Two eyes allow them to recieve visual cues from the environment.
3
Q
binocular cues
A
depth, retinal disparity, covergence
4
Q
retinal disparity
A
eyes are 2.5 inches apart
5
Q
convergence
A
Gives humans a sense of depth based on how much the eyeball has turned
6
Q
monocular cues
A
See things with one eye
7
Q
Relative size
A
closer object appear bigger
8
Q
Interposition (overlap)
A
Perception that one object is in front of another. An object that is in front is closer.
9
Q
relative height
A
things higher in our field of vision look further away
10
Q
shading and contours
A
using light and shadows to percieve form depth/contours-crater/moutain
11
Q
motion parallax
A
relative motion, things farther move slower, things closer move faster
12
Q
constancy
A
perception of object doesnt change despite image on retina changing, we are smarter, size/shape/color constancy
13
Q
size constancy
A
if object is closer we dont perceive it as bigger just because its close, we know its the same size
14
Q
shape constancy
A
a changing shape still maintains the same shape perception.
15
Q
Color constancy
A
the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting
16
Q
sensory adaptation
A
Ability of our senses to adapt and change their sensitivity stimuli
17
Q
Weber’s law
A
JND= just noticeable difference
18
Q
Linear relationship of jnd
A
Linear relationship between threshold and background intensity
19
Q
Weber’s Law (math)
A
ΔI (JND)/I (initial intensity) = k (constant)
20
Q
absolute threshold of sensation
A
differences based on the individual
21
Q
Absolute threshold of sensation (graph)
A
May not hear all of the sounds a 100% of the times.
22
Q
Absolute threshold is NO T equal to jnd?
A
Difference threshold- difference between the when the light got brighter
23
Q
Factors that affect absolute threshold
A
(1) Expectations- eg. expecting a text
24
Q
subliminal stimuli
A
stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation
25
somatosensation
Receive info on intensity, timing, location
26
Somatosenation types
(1) Temperature = thermoreception
27
intensity
how quickly the neurons fire'
28
timing
Neurons encode 3 ways of timing:-
29
vestibular system
balance and orientation
30
inner ear=
semicircular canals (posterior, lateral, anterior)
31
endolymph
inner ear filled with endolymph to detect motion of the fluid with rotation
32
otolithic organs=
utricle and saccule,
33
Otolithic organs function
1. detect linear acceleration
34
Calcium carbonate crystals
When the head moves:
35
What happens when the balance goes wrong?
(1) Dizziness
36
Dizziness
Endolymph doesn't stop spinning the same time as we do, so it continues
37
Signal Detection Theory
how we make decision under conditions of uncertainty, discern between importnat stimuli and unimportant "noise"
38
SDT in psychology
ex. if given 2 lists in psych experiment and then person asks which words came from first list, they would be uncertain
39
SDT example
It's foggy day & you have to decide when to start driving. How strong does a signal have to be for you to drive? Signal is present or absent (red). or traffic light in the fog and can't tell
40
signal detection theory
-Hit, the subject responded affirmative when a signal was present,
41
type I error
false positive
42
type II error
false negative
43
d'
\*dick is strong= strength
44
c'
C= strategy
45
Types of C' strategy
(1) Conservative (2) Liberal
46
Conservative
always say no unless you are 100% sure the signal is present
47
Liberal
liberal strategy= always say yes
48
signal detection theory pt 2 graph
noise distribution and signal distribution
49
bottom-up processing
Stimulus influences --\> what we perceive (our
50
top-down processing
use background knowledge --\> influence perception, ex. where's waldo
51
Gestalt Principles
tries to explain how we perceive things the way we do
52
Law of similarity
items similar to one another grouped together by brain.
53
Law of Pragnanz
reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form possible
54
law of proximity
objects near each other tend to be grouped together
55
law of continuity
lines are seen as following the smoothest path
56
Law of closure
objects grouped together are seen as a whole
57
Law of Symmetry (Gestalt)
the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a
58
law of common fate
if half dots move up and half dots move down we perceive the dots as 2 distinct units
59
law of past experiences
visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience
60
context effects
context of how stimuli are presented influences how people perceive the stimuli
61
vision
conjunctiva= thin layer inside eyelid
62
Trasnmission
Electrical activation of one neuron by another
63
Processing
Nueral signal --\> perception
64
Transduction
Energy transform from one form to anohter
65
Light pathways
Light enters --\> pupil --\> rods/ cones --\> bipolar cell --\> retinal ganglion cell --\> optic nerve --\> brain
66
Cones
Red + Green + Blue
67
Fovea
center of macular
68
phototransduction cascade
ROD ON ---\> ROD OFF
69
Bipolar cells
Found in the retina
70
Ganglion cells
Found on retina
71
Optic nerve
visual signals go from ganglion cells to optic nerve (They are just axons of the ganglion cells)
72
trichromatic theory of color
3 cones in eye, red, green, blue
73
opponent process theory
cones perceive 4 colors: red, green, blue, YELLOW
74
Retina
made of rods + cones
75
Phototransduction cascade
turn off retina
76
Light hits rods
light --\> neural impulse
77
rods
Optic disks stacked on top of each other
78
Retinal
Protien inside rhodopsin
79
mechanism of vision
rhodopsin in the rods, has a cis-retinal molecule
80
Transducin
3 different parts - attached to the rhodopsin
81
What happens when rhodopsin changes shape?
rhodopsin changes shape --\> transducin breaks from rhodopsin --\> alpha subunit binds to another disk protein called phosphodiesterase (PDE)
82
PDE
Takes cGMP --\> converts to GMP
83
Na+ channels on rods
Allow Na+ ions to ocme in
84
Na+ unbound of cGMP
less Na+ enters
85
What happens to bipolar cells when light enters?
When light hits ROD --\> turned off--\> on center bipolar cells active --\> off center bipolar cells inactive
86
On center bipolar cells
ON CENTER = TURN ON WITH LIGHT
87
Rod turne don
ROD on --\> on center bipolar inactive --\> off center active --\> activate off center retinal ganglion cell --\> send signal to optic nerve
88
Photopsin
Rhodopsin in cones
89
Photoreceptor
Light --\> neural impulse
90
Light hits rhodopsin
trigger phototransduction cascade
91
Diff b/w rods and cones
(1) More rods
92
visual field
L field of vision hits the R side of both eyes (so the nasal side of L eye and the temporal side of R eye)
93
feature detection
color= trichromatic theory
94
audition (sound)
pressure wave stimuli and hair cell
95
place theory
perception of sound depends on where each freq produces vibrations along the basilar membrane
96
hearing mechanism
hair bundle in upper membrane of organ of corti, has kinocilium (stereocilia) connected by tip links which have K+ channels
97
basilar tuning
varying hair cells in cochlea
98
primary auditory cortex
in the Temporal lobe
99
cochlear implants
restores hearing from "nerve deafness"= sensorineural hearing loss
100
sensory adaptation
change over time of receptor to a constant stimulus
101
sensory homunculus
different areas of body have signals that go to different parts of the strip
102
proprioception
spindle receptor/sensor located in muscles
103
pain/temp
pain= nociception
104
gate control theory
#NAME?
105
pheromones
chemical signal to indicate an innate response to member of same species or another species
106
olfaction
sends info to olfactory bulb
107
mechanism of olfaction
olfactory molecule binds to GPCR receptor on olfactory receptor cell then G protein dissociates causeing binding to ion channel which allows outside ions to come in triggering AP which goes to cribiform plate to glomerulus to mitral cell which then synapses on the brain
108
labeled-line theory of olfaction
each receptor responds to specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain in that way
109
vibrational theory of olfaction
vibrational frequency of a molecule gives that molecule its specific odor profile
110
steric theory/shape theory of olfaction
odors fit into receptors similar to lock-and-key
111
anosmia
inability to perceive odor
112
taste
bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami
113
labeled lines model of taste
each taste bud receptor has 5 axons which all send each dif taste to different parts of the gustatory cortex and they remain separate in the brain
114
sweet/umami/bitter
GPCR receptors
115
sour/salty
ion channels
116
what if we put salty receptor inside a sweet cell?
still interprets it as a sweet signal because the cell will be depolarized by the salty ion channel opening but then it fires to the sweet glomerulus
117
consciousness
awareness of self and environment, states range from alertness to sleep
118
alertness
you're awake, focus attention
119
daydreaming
feel more relaxed adn less focused, light-meditation
120
drowsiness
just before falling asleep, self-induced deep meditation
121
sleep
not aware of self of world around you
122
sleep stages
4 main stages
123
N1
first non-rapid eye movement sleep stage
124
N2
deeper stage of sleep, harder to awaken
125
N3
slow wave sleep, very difficult to awaken
126
REM
rapid eye movement stage
127
sleep
cycle through the stages 4-5 times per night, each one 90 minutes
128
circadian rhythm
regular body rhythms acorss 24 hour period
129
dreaming
when eyes are moving rapidly under eyelids
130
freud theory of dreams
unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted, little scientific support
131
evolutionary biology theory of dreams
threat simulation to prepare for real world, problem solving, no purpose
132
other dream theories
maintain brain flexibility
133
memory consolidation dream theory
to conolidate memories in deep sleep
134
activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams
brain gets neural iimpulses in brainstem
135
sleep deprivation
irritable and worse memory
136
how much sleep is needed
7-8 hours adults
137
insomnia
persistent trouble falling or staying asleep
138
narcolepsy
can't help themselves from falling asleep
139
sleep apnea
1/20 people
140
sleep walking/talking
genetic
141
induced states of consciousness
hypnosis and medications
142
hypnotism
relax and focus on breathing, more susceptible to suggestion in this state
143
dissociation theory of hypnosis
extreme form of divided consciousness
144
social influence theory of hypnosis
people do and report what's expected of them, like actors caught in their roles
145
meditation
training to regulate attention and awareness
146
psychoactive drugs
alter consciousness and perceptions
147
depressants
lower body fx and neural activity, dec hr, dec bp
148
stimulants
enhance CNS, inc bp/hr, inc alertness
149
hallucinogen/psychedelics
seeing/hearing things
150
opiates
opiate= natural
151
cannabis
marijuana, hallucinogen and depressant or stimulant
152
MDMA
stimulant or hallucinogen
153
drug classification
baed on legal status and how likely to be abused
154
homeostasis
how you maintain temp, hr, metabolism
155
routes of drug entry
oral= slow, GI tract, 30 mins
156
reward pathway in brain
ventral tegmental area
157
animal model of reward pathway
if you give non-addicted rat regular food it likes w/ substance that makes it sick, the rat learns to avoid the food
158
addiction
inc genetic risk
159
tolerance
get used to drug so need more to achieve same effect
160
cross tolerance
reducion in efficacy or responsiveness to novel drug due to common CNS target
161
withdrawal symptoms
when you dont have the drug
162
drug processes
intoxication and withdrawl
163
withdrawal stages
acute= few weeks, physical withdrawal, for alcohol seen 2 days after and then gets better
164
substance-induced disorders
mood/sleep disorders
165
substance-use disorders
drug causes serious degree of impairment of life functioning
166
methadone
used to treat heroine addiction because activates opiate receptors but more slowly so dampens the high and reduces the craving
167
CBT
cognitive behavioral therapy
168
motivational interviewing
find intrinsic motivation to change, goal oriented therapy, few sessions can be doorway to another treatment
169
group meeting
AA, 12-step program
170
relapse
patient slips and goes back to dependence
171
divided attention
switching attn between 2 tasks rather than doing them simultaneously, when performing 2 tasks which require attn simultaneously
172
joint attention
focus on object by 2 separate individuals
173
direct attention
attn focused on single sustainable task
174
selective attention
selecting one thing at a time (studying vs. TV)
175
exogenous/external cues
pop in the corner
176
endogenous/internal cues
requires internal knowledge
177
cocktail party effect
concentrate on one voice in a crowd
178
inattentional blindness
aka perceptual blindness
179
change blindness
fail to notice changes from previous to current state in environment
180
distal stimuli
events out in world around you
181
proximal stimuli
patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses
182
covert orienting
act of brining attnetion to something without body/eye movement
183
overt orienting
person turns body to maximize sensory impact
184
neglect syndrome
damage to brain causes loss in capacity of spatial dimension or divided attention
185
vigilance attention
detect signal of interest, allows for priming
186
alerting attention
affected by aging, norepinephrine modulates it in locus coerculus
187
orienting attention
capacity to change focus of attention from one stimulus to another, modulated by acetylcholine from basal forebrain
188
basal forebrain
striatum, nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, septal nuclei
189
executive attention
goal-directed behavior
190
shadowing task
theory of selective attention
191
broadbent's early selection theory
info goes into sensory register which stores everything
192
Deutch and Deutch's late selection theory
selective filter after perceptual processes
193
treisman's attenuation theory
we have an attenuator that weakens but doesn't eliminate input from the unattended ear
194
Johnson and Heinz propositin
location of info attenuator was able to be varied by listener depending on demand needed for a particular task
195
spotlight model of attention
take info from 5 senses but dont pay attention to everything
196
resource model of attention
limited resources ni attention, inability to multitask
197
tast similarity
harder to multitask with similar tasks
198
task difficulty
harder tasks require more focsu
199
information processing model
brains are similar ot computers
200
sensory memory
iconic= memory for what you see, lasts .5 seconds
201
partial report technique
report one part of the whole field in cued recall, 75% of visual display accessible to memory
202
whole report technique
recall elements from original display in proper spatial location
203
working memory
short term memory
204
visuo-spatial sketchpat
visual and spatial info processes
205
phonological loop
capacity is 2 seconds
206
central executive
controls phonologic loop
207
dual coding hypothesis
easier to remember words associated wtih images than either one alone
208
method of loci
imagine moving through familiar space while memorizing things
209
operational span testing
perform math then read a word and recall test
210
long-term memory
explicit= declarative
211
explicit
facts/events
212
implicit
previosu experiences help you perform the task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences
213
priming
implicit memory, exposure to stimulus affects response to another stimulus
214
autobiographical memory
episodes of individual's life
215
encoding
transfer info from temporary storage to long-term memory
216
rote rehearsal
say same thing over and over again
217
chunking
group info into meaningful categories
218
mnemonic devices
imagery
219
self-referencing
think about how it relates to you personally
220
spacing
spread out study sessions
221
retreival
try to remember memory of something you learned before
222
context
environment you encode in
223
state-dependent
your state at time of encoding makes a difference
224
serial position effects
tendency to remember first few items and last few items and those in the middle are worse
225
schema
mental blueprint containing common aspects of world
226
false info
inaccurate recollection
227
misleading info
see car crash video and asked how fast they were going when asked when "hit" or "smashed"
228
source monitoring
forget where they got the info from
229
flashbulb memory
emotional memory
230
long-term potentiation
connections between neurons strentchen, synaptic plasticity
231
decay
when we dont encode it well or retreive it for a while we can't recall it
232
Ebbinghaus
studied decay, forgetting rate is very fast but if you remember it after initial stages it levels out
233
retroactive interference
new learning impairs old info
234
proactive interference
something you learned in the past impairs future learning
235
aging
implicit memory and recognition memory are stable
236
dementia
decline in memory from damage to brain tissue, stroke
237
alzheimer's disease
nrusons die off so cerebral cortex shrinks
238
Korsakoff's syndrome
lack of B1 or thiamine
239
wernicke's encephalopathy
precursor to korsakoff's syndrome
240
retrograde amnesia
can't recall previously encoded info
241
anterograde amnesia
can't encode new memories
242
hierarchical semantic network
store info at highest category possible
243
cognitive economy principle
brain is efficient
244
modified semantic network
network develops based on experience and knowledge
245
Piaget's theory of development
1 is bun, 2 is shoe, 3 is tree, 4 is door
246
stage 1
0-2 years old
247
stage 2
2-6/7 years old
248
stage 3
7-11 years old
249
stage 4
12+ years old
250
assimilation
how we describe new info in terms of our current understanding
251
accomodation
how we later adjust schemas to incorporate new experiences, to remember
252
well-defines problems
clear starting and end point
253
ill-defined problems
ambiguous, no ovbious goal, ex how to live a happy life
254
trial and error
guess til something works
255
algorithm
logical step by step procedule til you hit the right one
256
heuristics
mental shortcut, dont guaruntee correct solution but simplify complex problems
257
means-end analysis
heuristic where we analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems then attack problem that has the most difference between current state and goal state
258
working backward
start at goal state and figure out how to get to current state
259
fixation
gettign stuck on wrong approach
260
insight
aha moment
261
incubate
insight comes after time
262
availability heuristic
examples that come to mind
263
representativeness heuristic
match a prototype
264
conjunction fallacy
co-occurence of 2 instances is not more likely than 1 individually
265
overconfidence
fluency (ease of processing) during studying
266
belief perseverance
ignore disconfirming facts
267
confirmation bias
actively seek out info that confirms your beliefs
268
framing effects
saying 2/3 change no one would be saved or 1/3 no one dies
269
spreading activation
activate one concept activates related concepts
270
Spearman's general intelligence
evidence from fact that people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other test types
271
theory of multiple intelligences- Robert Sternburg
analytical (academic and problem solving)= IQ score (avg 100, sd= 15), high analytical tend to do best in school
272
emotional intelligence
perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions in interactions
273
fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
fluid= reason quickly and abstractly, ex. new problem solving, "thinking on your feat"
274
alfred-binet
first developed an intelligence test on accident
275
lewis Terman
modified Binet's test and added teenagers and adults
276
nature vs. nurture
heritability studies in twins raised separate vs. together and fraternal twins raised together
277
fixed mindset
intelligence is biologically set and unchanging
278
growth mindset
intelligence is changeable if you learn more
279
Galton's idea of hereditary genius
human ability is hereditary
280
Binet's idea of mental age
how children at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average performance for that age
281
convergent intelligence
Guilford
282
Spearman theory of intelligence
factor analysis and general intelligence
283
Thurnstone
7 factors of intelligence
284
Howard Gardner
7-9 independent intelligences, don't depend on each other
285
Robert Sternberg
3 independent intelligences: analytical, creative, practical
286
one general intelligence
suggested by research
287
cognitive declines as you age
recall
288
cognitition that's stable as you age
implicit memory (riding bike)
289
cognitive improvement
semantic
290
language
left hemisphere of brain
291
broca's area
frontal lobe
292
wernicke's area
temporal
293
aphasia
communication disorder, prob with language, speaking, listening, reading, writing
294
broca's aphasia
non-fluent aphasia
295
wernicke's aphasia
fluent aphasia/receptive aphasia
296
global aphasia
both broca and wernicke are damaged
297
conduction aphasia
associative aphasia
298
agraphia
inability to write
299
anomia
inability to name things
300
neural plasticity
can retrain brain by strengthening synapses even after damage
301
sever corpus callosum
have trouble naming objects even if both hemispheres are perfectly functioning
302
split-brain patient
severing of corpus callosum
303
contralateral brain organization
left visual field processed by right brain
304
left brain
logical
305
right brain
random
306
right side of brian
action/perception/attention
307
prosody
R hemisphere
308
having dif words for color
does that mean you think about color differently?
309
behaviourists
empiricitst, believe language is just conditioned bx
310
nativist
rationalist, language must be innate
311
materialist
look at what happens in brain when people think/speak/write
312
universalism
thought determines langauge completely
313
Piaget
cognitive development in children
314
Vygotsky
language and thought are independent, but converge through development
315
linguistic determinism
language has an influence on thought
316
Weak linguistic determinism (relativism)
language influences thought, makes it easier for us to think in certain ways based on how language is structured
317
strong linguistic determinism (sapir-whorfian hypothesis)
language determines thought completely
318
nativist perspective- Noam Chomsky
children are born with ability to learn language
319
critical period- Chomsky
sensitive period
320
learning (behaviorist theory)- BF Skinner
children acquire lang through operant conditioning
321
interactionist approach- Vygotsky
social interaction approach
322
9-12 months
babbling
323
12-18 months
one word per month
324
18-20 months
explosion of language and combining words
325
2-3 years
longer sentences (3 words or more)
326
5 years
langauge rules largely mastered
327
lexical access
identifying a word and connecting it to its meaning which has been stored in LTM
328
phonology
phonetic component, "sound system"
329
morphology
structure of words
330
semantics
meaning of word
331
syntax
how words are put together in a sentence
332
pragmatics
dependences of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
333
limbic system
emotion
334
thalamus
sensory relay station
335
amygdala
aggression center
336
Kluver-Bucy syndrom
destroyed amygdala
337
hippocampus
forming new memories
338
hypothalamus
below thalamus
339
cerebral cortex and emotions
+ emotions on L side (R handed people are more positive)--- more social kids have more activity in L hemisphere and more joyful/happy people
340
prefrontal cortex
responsible for higher order functions
341
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
342
parasympathetic ns
rest and digest
343
3 components of emotion
physiological= hr inc, muscle tense when surprised
344
Paul Ekman: 6 universal emotions
happines
345
universally recognizable emotions
newborns have the same emotions as grown ups
346
James-Lange theory of emotions
experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological response
347
Cannon-Bard theory
disagree with James-Lange theory, found flaws in idea that physiological response triggered emotion
348
Schachter-Singer two factor theory of emotion
physiological and cognitive responses simultaneously form experience of emotion
349
Lazarus theory
experience of emotion depends on how the situation is cognitively appraised (labelled)
350
Yerkes-Dodson law
bell curve
351
conceptual act model of emotion
suggests that emotions are not biologically hardwired but instead emerge in consciousness in the moment
352
complex emotions
require person expressing that emotion to understand and be aware of him/herself
353
core affect
pleasure, tension, energy
354
dimension approach
emotinos measured in terms of dimensions like arousal (high/low) and valence (+/-)
355
emotions as discrete systems
theories regarding universal emotions
356
mood
lasts longer than emotions, global not specific
357
prototypical emotional episode
multiple co-occuring components
358
stress
process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threads and challenges
359
stressor
threatening/challenging event
360
stress reaction
subsequent physical and emotional response
361
richard lazarus- appraisal theory of stress
stress arises less from physical events but more from assessment/interpretation of those events
362
primary appraisal
assessing stress in present situation
363
secondary appraisal
evaluation of individual's ability to cope with the situation
364
significant life change
sig change to personal life
365
catastrophic event
large scale event that everyone considers threatening
366
daily hassles
seemingly minor events of daily life
367
ambient stressors
global stressors integrated into the environment
368
adrenal glands
adrenal medulla
369
adrenal medulla
release catecholamines (epi, norepi)
370
adrenal cortex
release cortisol
371
oxytocin
peer bonding and moderates stress response
372
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) by Hans Selye
1) alarm phase= stress rxn kicks in, ready for fight or flight
373
damaging effects of stress on heart
hypertension
374
stress and metabolism
secretes cortisold and glucagon which converts glycogen to glucose
375
stress and reproduction
reproduction gets shut down during stress response
376
stress and immune fx
causes inflamation, can attack our own body
377
behavior and stress
hippocampus= learning/memory
378
learned helplessness
have control ripped out of your hands so learn that you don't have control so lose ability to identify with coping mechanisms b/c less control of outcome of your life
379
Friedman and Rosenman anger
testing that stress is associated wtih inc vulnerability to heart disease
380
anxiety
amygdala
381
addiction
alcohol/tobacco
382
stress management
perceived control
383
coping
conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems and seeking to master/minimize/tolerate stress or conflict
384
adaptive coping/positive coping
proactive coping
385
maladaptive coping/negative coping
they reduce symptoms while maintaining and strengthening the disorder
386
overcompensation- maladaptive
aggression/hostility
387
surrender-maladaptive
compliance/dependence
388
avoidance
social withdrawl
389
low-effort syndrome/coping
coping response of minority groups in attempt to fit into the dominant culture
390
basic brain fx
motor, sensory, automatic (reflexes)
391
higher brain fx
cognition, emotions, consciousness
392
lower motor neurons
efferent in PNS synapse onto skeletal muscles
393
LMN signs
atrophy, fasciculations (involuntary twitches of skeletal muscles)
394
mechanoreceptor
#NAME?
395
chemoreceptor
#NAME?
396
themoreceptor
skin, hypothalamus
397
photoreceptor
eyes (rods/cones)
398
MCM RP
man crush monday corpuscle
399
meissner corpuscle skin
papillary dermis
400
merkel disk
papillary dermis
401
ruffinis ending
reticular dermis
402
pacinian corpuscle
hypodermis
403
hair follicle receptor
hairy skin
404
positoin/vibration/touch
large diameter axons that are myelinated
405
muscle stretch reflex
same side afferent and efferent
406
somatosensory neurons
afferent in muscle spindles form excitatory synapses in spinal cord w another neuron in spinal cord to excite skeletal muscle cells to contract LMN
407
gray matter
most of the neuron somas
408
white matter
myelinated axons
409
upper motor neurons
control LMN
410
hyperreflexia
inc the muscle stretch reflexes
411
clonus
rhythmic contractions of antagonist muscle
412
hypertonia
inc tone of skel muscle, red muscle stretch
413
extensor plantar response
if you take hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor, toes come down on the objectbut with extensor toes extend up
414
cerebral cortex bumps
inc cellular mass/surface area
415
frontal lobe
motor cortex= body movements
416
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex
417
occipital lobe
vision
418
temporal lobe
sound
419
contralateral control
L brain controls R body
420
domain hemisphere
language, math
421
nondominant hemisphere
emotional tone of language, big picture concepts
422
old brain
all occur outside of our awareness
423
cerebellum
motor plan
424
brainstem
connects all parts of brain together including cranial nerves
425
reticular formation
role in autonomic fx (resp, digestion)
426
long tracts
collections of axons connecting cerebrum and brainstem
427
pons
reglates walking and relaxing
428
medulla
regulate autonomic activity of heart and lungs
429
internal capsule
contains corticospinal tract
430
corpus callosum
connects R and L hemisphere
431
basal ganglia
major role in motor fx
432
thalamus
sensory fx
433
hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland
434
glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter
435
GABA
inhibitory in brain
436
glycine
inhibitory in spinal cord
437
acetylcholine
nuclei in frontal lobe release to cerebral cortex
438
histamine
from hypothalamus sends to cerebral cortex
439
norepinephrine
in pons called locus coerculus that releases it to cerebral cortex
440
serotonin
released by lots of nuclei from all over brainstem called raphe nuclei
441
dopamine
ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
442
DA in substantia nigra
for motor planning
443
DA in VTA
goes to prefrontal cortex via mesocortical pathway
444
DA in VTA to
to nucleus acumbens, amygdala, hippocampus
445
amino acid nt
gaba and glycine
446
peptide neurotrans
opiods
447
monoamine nt
catecholamines (dopamine, epi, norepi)
448
other nt
ACh
449
parkinson's
low levels of dopamine
450
schizophrenia
high levels of dopamine
451
endorphina
block pain sensations
452
phenologists
each brain area is devoted to certain personality characteristic, thought, emotion--- wrong! each brain area associated with specific tasks
453
Broca's area
pt had a loss of speech but no other disorder
454
lesion studies
tissue removal
455
neurochemical lesions
kainic acid= destroy cell bodies but doesnt influence axons passing by
456
ways of studying brain
structure vs. function
457
brain structure tests
CAT and Magnets (MRI) used to make buildings
458
function tests
EEG can tell you info, MEG rhymes with EEG
459
CAT
computerized axial tomography
460
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
461
EEG
electroecephalogram
462
MEG
megnetoencephalogram
463
fMRI
functional MRI
464
PET
positron emission tomogrpahy
465
autocrine
hormone effects the cell that makes it
466
paracrine
hormone has a regional effect
467
endocrine s
hormone causes a response that is far away
468
anterior pituitary gland
FLAT PEG
469
posterior pituitary
oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic/vasopressin)
470
thyroid
regulates body metabolism
471
parathyroid
4 spots on back of thyroid
472
adrenal gland
on top of kidney
473
gonads
ovareis and testes
474
pancreas
regulates blood sugar
475
hormones general
go everywhere but only picked up by cells with receptors
476
negative feedback thyroid
hypothalamus releases TRH
477
sperm
male genetic material
478
egg cell
really big, not mobile
479
fertilization
sperm and egg meet
480
sperm binding
sperm comes in contact with zona pellucida
481
acrosome reaction
enzyms leak into zona pellucida and digest it so sperm gets closer to plasma membrane of egg
482
cortical reaction
enzymes in egg get ejected to zona pellucida that digest it to prevent other sperm from binding
483
genetic transfer
cortical granules are released adn plasma membranes fuse and nuclear DNA comes in and mitochondrial DNA
484
embryogenesis
zygote
485
morula
when it is 32 cells
486
blastocyst
inner cell mass
487
epiplasts
cells above hypoblast after forming amniotic cavity
488
bilamar disk
epiblast and hypoplast
489
primitive stream forms
where epiblast cells begin to migrate
490
gastrulation
trilaminar disk
491
neurulation
core in mesoderm differentiates into notochord
492
implantation
endometrium lining thickens forming valleys called crypt
493
endoderm
becomes GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas (GLLP) (GULP)
494
mesoderm
forms inner layers of skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidneys, bladder, ovaries and testes
495
ectoderm
nervous system, sweat glands, hair, skin, outer layer of skin (Nerv and outer)
496
fertilization
week 2
497
embryogenesis
divided cells and have organ systems formed
498
week 10
fetal development
499
40 weeks
full term
500
preterm
before 37 weeks
