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PHYSICS > Book Two > Flashcards

Book Two Flashcards

Kinematics - Dynamics - Forces, Density and Pressure

1
Q

*what is distance? + SI unit

A

the length of the actual path followed by a body
metre

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2
Q

*what is displacement? + SI unit

A

the shortest distance between two points
metre

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3
Q

*what is speed? + formula, SI unit

A

the rate of change of distance
average speed = tot. distance moved / tot. time taken
ms^-1

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4
Q

*what is velocity? + formula, SI unit

A

the rate of change of displacement
average velocity = tot. displacement / tot. time taken
ms^-1

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5
Q

*what is acceleration? + formula, SI unit

A

the rate of change of velocity
average acceleration = change in velocity / time taken
ms^-2

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6
Q

*equations of motion

A

v = u + at
s = ut + 1/2at^2
v^2 = u^2 + 2as

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7
Q

*what is acceleration of free fall?

A

acceleration due to gravity
9.81ms^-2
g

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8
Q

*displacement-time graph (s-t graph)

A
  • gradient is uniform velocity
  • straight line is stationary/at rest
  • inward curve is for acceleration
  • outward curve for deceleration
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9
Q

*velocity-time graph (v-t graph)

A
  • gradient = acceleration
  • straight line is uniform acceleration
  • uniform deceleration
  • inward curve is non-uniform increasing acceleration
  • outward curve is non-uniform decreasing acceleration
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10
Q

*what is newtons 1st law?

A

a body will remain in its uniform state of rest or motion on a straight line unless acted upon by a resultant force

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11
Q

*what is inertia?

A

the reluctance of a body to change its state of rest or motion

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12
Q

*what is mass?

A

the property of a body that resists change in its state of motion

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13
Q

*what is momentum? + formula, SI unit

A

the product of mass and velocity
p = mv
kgms^-1

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14
Q

*what is the principle of conservation of momentum?

A

it states that total momentum of a system remains constant unless an external force acts on it

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15
Q

*what is newtons 2nd law?

A

rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the resultant force acting upon it

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16
Q

*what is a newton?

A

the force that gives unit mass unit acceleration

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17
Q

*what is impulse? + formula, SI unit

A

the product of force and time
impulse = force x time
Ns or kgms^-1

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18
Q

*what is newtons 3rd law?

A

for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force

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19
Q

*what is weight? + formula, SI unit

A

this is force of gravity acting on a body
W = mg
N

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20
Q

*nb:

A

mass doesn’t vary from place to place but weight does since g isn’t constant

21
Q

*what is a projectile?

A

any object thrown in the earths gravitational field

22
Q

*equations of projectile motion : vertical motion

A
  • max. height
    hmax. = u^2sin2x / 2g
  • time taken to reach hmax.
    t = usinx / g
  • time of flight = 2t
    2t = 2usinx / g
    alt.
    t’ = 2usinx / g
23
Q

*equations of projectile motion : horizontal motion

A
  • range
    R = u^2 / g (sin2x)
    for a given velocity or projection, R is maximum when sin2x = 1 - x = 45*
    then,
    Rmax = u^2 / g
24
Q

*what are collisions? + types

A

interaction between bodies
- elastic and inelastic collisions

25
Q

*what are elastic collisions?

A

where kinetic energy is conserved

26
Q

*what are inelastic collisions?

A

where kinetic energy is not conserved

27
Q

*before collision = after collision formula

A

m1u1^2 + m2u2^2 = m1v1^2 + m2v2^2

28
Q

*equations of collisions

A
  • m1(u1 - v1) = m2(u2 - v2)
  • m1(u1 - v1)(u1 + v1)=m2(v2 - u2)(v2 + u2)
  • u1 - u2 = - (v1 - v2)
  • u1 = v1 + v2
  • u1 = v2 - v1
29
Q

*what is force? + formula, SI unit

A

a push or pull on one body by another
F =ma
N

30
Q

*types of forces

A

weight - gravitational force on a body
upthrust - upward force experienced by a body placed in a fluid that causes it to float
thrust - forward force from an engine
air resistance - frictional force that resists motion of a body in air
tension - force in a stretched material
friction - the resistance of the sliding or rolling of one body over another
contact - force between two bodies

31
Q

*what is upthrust?

A

upward force experienced by a body immersed in a fluid which causes a pressure on the body exerted by the fluid

32
Q

*what is archimedes principle?

A

a body immersed in a fluid experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

33
Q

*what is friction? + types

A

the resistance of the sliding or rolling of one body over another
- static and dynamic friction
- static > dynamic

34
Q

*what is static friction?

A

friction that occurs when a body is just about to start moving

35
Q

*what is dynamic friction?

A

friction that occurs between surfaces of bodies in motion

36
Q

*positive effects of friction

A
  • gives feet, shoes, tyres grip on the ground
    -used in most braking systems
37
Q

*negative effects of friction

A
  • causes wear and tear of moving parts of machinery
  • generates unwanted heat in machines
38
Q

*how to reduce friction in machines

A
  • using roller bearings/ball bearings
  • applying grease/oil
39
Q

what is centre of gravity?

A

a point on a body where the total mass or weight tends to act

40
Q

what is a moment? + formula, SI unit

A

the product of force and its perpendicular distance from the pivot
moment = force x perpendicular distance from the pivot
Nm

41
Q

principle of moments

A

for a body to be in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments about a point must equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments about that same point

42
Q

conditions for equilibrium

A
  1. resultant moment must equal zero
  2. resultant force must be zero
43
Q

*what is density? + formula, SI unit

A

this is mass per unit volume
density = mass / volume
kgm^-3

44
Q

what is pressure? + formula, SI unit

A

force acting normally on a surface per unit area
pressure = force / area
Pa

45
Q

what happens to a stationary liquid in an open container?

A

pressure:
1. acts equally in all directions
2. increases with depth
3. independent of shape of container

46
Q

properties of liquids in hydraulic systems

A
  1. liquids are virtually incompressible
  2. if a trapped liquid is put under pressure, the pressure is uniformly transmitted to all parts of the liquid
47
Q

examples of hydraulic machines

A
  1. car brake system
  2. arms and diggers of earth movers
  3. hydraulic jacks
48
Q

how to measure:
atmospheric pressure
gas pressure
+ commonly used units of pressure

A
  • barometer
  • manometer
    bars, atmospheres and mmHg

PHYSICS (4 decks)

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