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ESPM exam 1 > Book Notes > Flashcards

Book Notes Flashcards

1
Q

all the living things and nonliving things around us

A

environment

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2
Q

the study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment

A

environmental science

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3
Q

the various substances and energy sources we take from out environment and that we rely on to survive

A

natural resources

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4
Q

natural resources replenished over time

A

renewable natural resources

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5
Q

natural resources that are in finite supply and are formed much more slowly than we use them

A

nonrenewable natural resources

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6
Q

arise from the normal functioning of natural systems and are not meant for our benefit, yet we could not live without them

A

ecosystem services

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7
Q

our transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural way of life

A

agricultural revolution

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8
Q

nonrenewable energy sources including oil, coal, and natural gas

A

fossil fuels

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9
Q

when publicly accessible resources are open to unregulated exploitation, they become overused, and are damaged and depleted

A

tragedy of the commons

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10
Q

expresses environmental impact in terms of the cumulative area of biologically productive land and water required to provide the resources a person or population consumes and to dispose of and recycle the waste a person or population produces

A

ecological footprint

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11
Q

borrows techniques from multiple disciplines and brings their research results together in a broad synthesis

A

interdisciplinary

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12
Q

disciplines that examine the natural world

A

natural sciences

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13
Q

disciplines that address human interactions and institutions

A

social sciences

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14
Q

environmental programs that incorporate the social sciences extensively

A

environmental studies

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15
Q

social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from undesirable changes brought about by human actions

A

environmentalism

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16
Q

systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it

A

science

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17
Q

research in which scientists gather basic information about organisms, materials, systems, or processes that are not well known and cannot be manipulated in experiments

A

observational (descriptive) science

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18
Q

research that proceeds in targeted and structured way, using experiments to test hypotheses within the scientific method

A

hypothesis-driven science

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19
Q

technique for testing ideas with observations

A

scientific method

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20
Q

statement that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific question

A

hypothesis

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21
Q

specific statements that can be directly tested

A

predictions

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22
Q

activity designed to test the validity of a prediction or a hypothesis

A

experiment

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23
Q

conditions that can change

A

variables

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24
Q

widely accepted, well tested explanation of one or more cause and effect relationships that has been validated by research

A

theory

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25
Q

dominant view

A

paradigm

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26
Q

branch of philosophy that involves the study of good and bad

A

ethics

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27
Q

these people believe that ethics should and do vary with social contexts

A

relativists

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28
Q

these people maintain that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and contexts

A

universalists

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29
Q

criteria that help differentiate right from wrong

A

ethical standards

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30
Q

application of ethical standards to relationships between people and nonhuman entities

A

environmental ethics

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31
Q

human-centered view of our relationship with the environment

A

anthropocentrism

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32
Q

ascribes value to certain living things or to the biotic realm

A

biocentrism

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33
Q

judges actions in terms of their efforts on whole ecological systems

A

ecocentrism

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34
Q

protect environment in a pristine, unaltered state

A

preservation

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35
Q

idea that people should put natural resources to use but we have a responsibility to manage them wisely

A

conservation

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36
Q

fair treatment of all people with respect to environmental policy and practice

A

environmental justice

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37
Q

living within our planet’s means

A

sustainability

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38
Q

earth’s accumulated wealth of resources

A

natural capital

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39
Q

the use of resources in a manner that satisfies our current needs but does not compromise the future resource availability

A

sustainable development

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40
Q

a population or group of populations whose members share certain traits and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring

A

species

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41
Q

a group of individuals of a particular species that live in a particular area

A

population

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42
Q

change over time

A

evolution

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43
Q

process where inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on more often to future generations than those that do not

A

natural selection

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44
Q

a trait that promotes success

A

adaptation

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45
Q

accidental changes in DNA

A

mutations

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46
Q

selection conducted under human direction

A

artificial selection

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47
Q

the variety of life across all levels of biological organization

A

biological diversity

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48
Q

process by which new species are generated

A

speciation

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49
Q

treelike diagrams that represent life’s history

A

phylogenetic trees

50
Q

imprint in stone of a dead organism

A

fossil

51
Q

disappearance of a species from earth

A

extinction

52
Q

occurs nowhere else on the planet but one place

A

endemic

53
Q

episodes that kill off massive numbers of species at once

A

mass extinction events

54
Q

study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environments

A

ecology

55
Q

cumulative total of living things on earth and the areas they inhabit

A

biosphere

56
Q

examines the dynamics of population change and the factors that affect the distribution and abundance of members of a population

A

population ecology

57
Q

focuses on patterns of species diversity and on interactions among species

A

community ecology

58
Q

specific environment where an organism lives

A

habitat

59
Q

reflects a species’ use of resources and its functional role in a community

A

niche

60
Q

species with a narrow breadth and very specific requirements

A

specialists

61
Q

species with broad tolerances and are able to use a wide array of resources

A

generalists

62
Q

number of individual organisms present at a given time

A

population size

63
Q

number of individuals in a population per unit area

A

population density

64
Q

when a population increases by a fixed percentage each year

A

exponential growth

65
Q

physical, chemical, and biological attributes of the environment that restrain population growth

A

limiting factors

66
Q

maximum population size of a species that a given environment can sustain

A

carrying capacity

67
Q

species that produce few offspring during their lifetimes and stabilize over time near carrying capacity

A

k-selected

68
Q

species that produce as many offspring as possible and are often well below carrying capacity

A

r-selected

69
Q

visiting natural areas to study and observe

A

ecotourism

70
Q

when species divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways

A

resource partitioning

71
Q

process where one species hunts, captures, kills, and consumes another species

A

predation

72
Q

one organism depends on another for a benefit while simultaneously doing the host harm

A

parasitism

73
Q

when animals eat plant tissue

A

herbivory

74
Q

relationship where species benefit from interacting with one another

A

mutualism

75
Q

physically close association between interacting species

A

symbiosis

76
Q

creatures transfer pollen between flowers to fertilize flower ovaries

A

pollination

77
Q

assemblage of organisms living in the same area at the same time

A

community

78
Q

rank in the feeding hierarchy

A

trophic level

79
Q

species that has a strong impact far out of proportion to its abundance

A

keystone species

80
Q

predators at high trophic levels promote lower trophic level populations by keepin middle tropic levels in check

A

trophic cascade

81
Q

the first species to arrive and colonize a new substrate

A

pioneer species

82
Q

nonnatives that spread and become dominant

A

invasive species

83
Q

tries to restore areas to how they were before industrialization

A

restoration ecology

84
Q

major regional complex of similar communities

A

biome

85
Q

deciduous broadleafed trees in Europe, eastern China, and eastern North America

A

temperate deciduous forest

86
Q

also known as prairies, less rainfall than temperate deciduous forests

A

temperate grasslands

87
Q

shaded and damp forests in the coastal pacific north west region

A

temperate rainforest

88
Q

year-round rain and warm temperatures in central America, south America, south east Asia, and west Africa

A

tropical rainforest

89
Q

year-round warmth but seasonal rains in India, Africa, south America, and northern Australia

A

tropical dry forest

90
Q

tropical grasslands with clusters of trees in Africa, south America, Australia, and India

A

savanna

91
Q

driest biome on earth

A

desert

92
Q

seasonal variation in temperature and day length at high latitudes (Russia, Canada, Scandinavia)

A

tundra

93
Q

cool and dry forests in Canada, Alaska, Russia, and Scandinavia

A

boreal forest

94
Q

fire-resistant shrubs in the Mediterranean, California, Chile, and southern Australia

A

chaparral

95
Q

intangible phenomenon that can change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter

A

energy

96
Q

total energy in the universe remains constant and thus is said to be conserved

A

first law of thermodynamics

97
Q

nature of energy will change from a more-ordered to less-ordered state, if no force counteracts this

A

second law of thermodynamics

98
Q

green plants, algae, and bacteria that use the sun’s radiation directly to produce their own food

A

autotrophs/producers

99
Q

process that turns light energy from the sun into chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

100
Q

water body where rivers flow into the ocean, mixing fresh water with salt water

A

estuary

101
Q

scientists who study the loss, protection, and restoration of biodiversity

A

conservation biologists

102
Q

regulating atmospheric gasses, precipitation, and temperature, providing food and natural resources, pollinating plants and controlling crop pests, preventing soil erosion, etc.

A

ecosystem services

103
Q

disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally

A

extripation

104
Q

updated list of species facing high risks of extinction

A

red list

105
Q

breaking up a continuous expanse of natural habitat into an array of fragments

A

habitat fragmentation

106
Q

humans have an instinctive love for nature and feel an emotional bond with other living things

A

biophilia

107
Q

forbids people from taking actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats (1973)

A

endangered species act

108
Q

animals are bred and raised in controlled conditions with the intent of reintroducing them into the wild

A

captive breeding

109
Q

areas that support a great number of species that are endemic to the region

A

biodiversity hotspots

110
Q

study of how people decide to use resources to provide goods and services in face of a demand for them

A

economics

111
Q

meeting daily needs by gathering and producing what they can on their own

A

subsistence economy

112
Q

apply principles of ecology and systems science to the analysis of econ systems

A

ecological economists

113
Q

misleads consumers into thinking a company is acting more sustainably than it is

A

greenwashing

114
Q

formal set of plans to address problems and guide decision making

A

policy

115
Q

taxes on environmentally harmful activities and products

A

green taxes

116
Q

the party that pollutes should be held responsible for covering the cost of its impacts

A

polluter-pays principle

117
Q

government giveaway of money, intended to encourage a particular activity

A

subsidy

118
Q

the government creates a market in permits for an environmentally harmful activity

A

permit trading

119
Q

the government determines the overall amount of pollution it will accept, then allocates permits from there

A

cap-and-trade

120
Q

when manufacturers designate on their labels how their products were grown, harvested, and/or manufactured

A

ecolabeling

ESPM exam 1 (2 decks)

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