Book 6: Topic 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biological diversity?

A

Reflected in:
The vast number of species of organisms.
The variation of individual characteristics within a single species.
The variation of cell types with a single multicellular organism.

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2
Q

What is the cause for differences between species?

A

Genetic differences.

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3
Q

What is the cause for differences between individuals within a species?

A

The result of genetic factors, environmental factors or a combination of both.

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4
Q

What is a locus?

A

The particular site on a DNA molecule where a gene is located.

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5
Q

What does the genetic code, carried by the base sequence of each gene, determine?

A

The sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

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6
Q

The genetic code is the same in all organisms, what does this provide evidence for?

A

Evolution.

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7
Q

What can cause genetic diversity within a species?

A

Gene mutation, chromosome mutation or random factors associated with meiosis and fertilisation.

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8
Q

What results in species becoming better adapted to their environment?

A

Genetic diversity acted upon by natural selection.

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9
Q

What can be used to measure variation within a species?

A

Differences in the base sequence of DNA or the amino acid sequence of proteins.

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10
Q

What can be used to measure biodiversity within a community?

A

Species richness and an index of diversity.

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11
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Unicellular organisms that do not develop or differentiate into multicellular forms.

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12
Q

In what way do some bacteria grow?

A

In filaments or masses of cells. (Each cell in the colony is identical and capable of independent existence).

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13
Q

Why might prokaryotic cells be adjacent to one another?

A

They did not separate after cell division or they remained enclosed in a common sheath/slime, secreted by the cells. (Typically, there is no continuity or communication between the cells).

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14
Q

Where are prokaryotes capable of inhabiting?

A

Almost every place on earth.

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15
Q

How are prokaryotes distinguished from eukaryotes?

A

On the basis of nuclear organisation, specifically their lack of a nuclear membrane.

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16
Q

Other than a nuclear membrane, what else do prokaryotes lack that distinguish them from eukaryotes?

A

Any intracellular organelles and structures.

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17
Q

What takes over most of the functions of organelles in prokaryotes?

A

The prokaryotic plasma membrane.

18
Q

Since there are no organelles in prokaryotic cells, what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Contains all the enzymes needed by the cell for all metabolic reactions.

19
Q

What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?

A

The smaller 70 S type.

20
Q

What is the nucleoid/nuclear zone in prokaryotic cells?

A

The region of the prokaryotic cytoplasm that contains DNA. It is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

21
Q

Describe the DNA in the nucleoid of prokaryotic cells.

A

Always circular, compacted by a mechanism called “supercoiling” and it is not associated with any proteins to form chromatin. (Not to be confused with plasmids).

22
Q

Describe the plasmid in prokaryotic cells.

A

Small circles of DNA, used to exchange DNA between bacterial cells. (Useful for genetic engineering and have a role in antibiotic engineering).

23
Q

Describe the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells.

A

Made of phospholipids and proteins, like eukaryotic membranes.

24
Q

Describe the mesosome in prokaryotic cells.

A

A tightly-folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane-bound proteins required for respiration and photosynthesis. (Can also be associated with the nucleoid).

25
Q

Describe the cell wall in prokaryotic cells.

A

Made of murein (not cellulose as in plant cells), which is a glycoprotein/peptidoglycan (protein/carbohydrate complex). There are two kinds of cell wall that can be distinguished by a Gram stain. Gram positive bacteria - thick cell wall and stain purple. Gram negative bacteria - thin cell wall with an outer lipid layer and stain pink.

26
Q

Describe the capsule/slime layer in prokaryotic cells.

A

A thick polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall (like the glycocalyx of eukaryotes). Used for sticking cells together, as a food reserve and as protection against desiccation (the removal of water), chemicals and phagocytosis (cell eating).

27
Q

Describe the flagellum in prokaryotic cells.

A

A rigid, rotating helical-shaped tail used for propulsion. The motor is embedded in the cell membrane and is driven by an H+ gradient across the membrane. Clockwise rotation drives the cell forward.

28
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The idea that the organelles of the eukaryotic cell could be originally derived from prokaryotic cells that have become incorporated inside other, larger prokaryotic cells.

29
Q

What are the observations that support the idea of endosymbiosis?

A

Prokaryotic cells are older and more diverse than eukaryotic cells.
Organelles, contain circular DNA and 70 S ribosomes like prokaryotic cells.
Organelles have double membranes, as though a single-membrane cell had been engulfed and surrounded by a larger cell.
Organelles reproduce like prokaryotic cells, by binary fission.
Organelles are very like some bacteria that are alive today.

30
Q

How much larger are eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

A

About 10x the size and as much as 1000x greater in volume.

31
Q

What is the major and extremely significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place.

32
Q

Describe the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

A

A membrane delineated compartment that houses the cell’s DNA.

33
Q

What are eukaryotic organism’s specialised structures within the cell?

A

Organelles, which perform dedicated functions.

34
Q

How many different types of organelles are commonly found in eukaryotic cells?

A

A dozen.

35
Q

What are some key differences of prokaryotic cell’s DNA from eukaryotic cells?

A

In the nucleus, DNA molecules are very long, linear and associated with proteins - “histones”.

36
Q

What does a DNA molecule and its associated proteins form, in a eukaryotic cell?

A

A chromosome.

37
Q

What is an example of part of the nuclear DNA, in eukaryotes, that does not code for polypeptides?

A

Non-coding multiple repeats of base sequences between genes.

38
Q

Within a gene, which sequences code for amino acid sequences and which sequences are non-coding sequences?

A

Exons code for amino acid sequences. Exons are separated by one or more non-coding sequence, called introns.

39
Q

Describe the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.

A

A tubular organelle about 8 nano metres long. Surrounded by a double membrane. The outer membrane is simple and quite permeable, while the inner membrane is highly folded into cristae, which give it a very large surface area.

40
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A

It is the location where most of the reactions of aerobic respiration take place.

41
Q

What similarities do mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells share with prokaryotic cells?

A

Contains short, circular DNA which is not associated with protein.

42
Q

How many mitochondria organelles does a typical eukaryotic cell contain?

A

1000, though some will contain more depending on their rate of respiration and need for energy.