book Flashcards
what was the aim of nazi policies towards jews between 1933-1938
to systematically exclude jews from public life and turn then in to social and legal pariahs through laws, violence and intimidation
what were the nuremberg laws
laws that stripped jews of citizenship and defined jewish identity based on race, institutionalizing antisemitism
what is aryanization
the forced transfer of jewish owned businesses and property to aryan germans, often through coercion or intimidation
how did daily life change for jews under nazi rule
everyday activities became dangerous, jews faced public humiliation, boycotts and fear of arrest or denunciation
how did gender shape jewish experiences of persecution
women managed domestic survival, faced social exclusion and navigated retraining and emigration pressures; men were more visibly targeted early on
what was the role of non-jewish neighbours during this period
many turned away, distanced themselves or became hostile, though some showed quiet solidarity
how did jewish communities adapt to exclusion and hardship
through mutual aid, retraining programs if women were to move abroad, soup kitchens and organizing support networks like jewish winter relief
what does kaplan mean by public pariahs
jews were publicly marked and treated as outcasts, unworthy of rights or dignity, through policy and social norms
what psychological impact did daily discrimination have
constant fear, anxiety and humiliation
what is the significance of studying this history from a human perspective, the ‘worm’
it highlights how persecution was not just about laws or events but about the slow daily erosion of humanity and dignity
what type of discrimination did jewish men face
more frequently targeted for public humiliation, physical violence, arrest and workplace exclusion
how were jewish women affected differently from men
jewish women experienced social ostracism, emotional labour and economic hardships, managing households, seeking food and caring for family
how did nazi policies impact gender roles
with men losing jobs and getting arrested, women often became the breadwinners or household managers, reversing traditional roles
how did jewish families cope with nazi oppression
reinforced family bonds, found emotional and psychological refuge in domestic routines
how did gender affect responses to nazi persecution
women were typically more perceptive to daily dangers and more willing to emigrate whereas men tried to cling to jobs and status
what were temporary frames of security
psychological coping mechanisms like focusing on home work to maintain normality
what challenges did women face managing households under nazism
hostile shopkeepers, tight finances, crowded living conditions
how did traditional gender roles shift
women led emigration efforts and took charge of finances and safety, men relied more on their wives
what barriers did jews face in trying to emigrate
quotas, financial restrictions (flight tax), need for affidavits and visas and plunders by officials
how did class affect the ability to cope and emigrate
wealthier jews had more options (hiring intermediaries, bribes) the poor faced harsher conditions
what sexualized threats did jewish women experience
despite propaganda jewish women faced advances or coercion by nazi officials
what does kaplan mean by privatization of persecution
nazi oppression infiltrated the private sphere, forcing families to adapt within the home
what was the law for protection of german blood and honour (1935)
it prohibited marriages and sexual relations between aryans and jews to prevent racial defilement
what role did gender play in mixed marriages
couples with aryan husbands were treated more leniently
how were mischlinge defined
first degree (2 jewish grandparents), second degree (1 jewish grandparent)
how did courts reinforce racial ideology in divorce
encouraged divorce based on racial incompatibility and threatened those who didnt
how did the nazi regime attempt to reverse jewish assimilation
identity through ancestry, banning intermarriage, seperating jews and non jews
how did nazi policy affect jewish children in aryan schools
1933 law against overcrowding set a quota limiting jewish children in a school, jewish children faced ostracism and humiliation from teachers
how did jewish schools change after 1933
attendance surged from 14% to 60%, combined german education with jewish/hebrew history
what were kindetransporte
organized evacuations sending thousands of jewish children to safety, separated many families
what was the experience of mischlinge children
were rejected by both aryan and jewish social groups, many tried to hide their ancestry
