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Chemistry > Book 1 - The Earth Provides > Flashcards

Book 1 - The Earth Provides Flashcards

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0
Q

What are atoms?

A

Particles with no overall electric charge, containing protons, neutrons and electrons.

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1
Q

What are the three particles in an atom?

A

Proton, Neutron and Electron.

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

Substances containing only one type of atom.

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3
Q

What is a compound?

A

Substance that contains two or more different elements chemically joined together to form a new substance with new properties.

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4
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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5
Q

What is a proton?

A

Sub-atomic particles found within the atomic nucleus that have a single positive charge and a relative mass of 1.

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6
Q

What is a neutron?

A

Sub-atomic particles found within the atomic nucleus that have no electric charge and a relative mass of 1.

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7
Q

What is an electron?

A

Tiny particles with a single negative charge each that occupy energy levels around an atom’s nucleus. Electrons are responsible for the chemical bonds between atoms, and move through metals when a current flows.

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8
Q

Why does the number of protons always equal to the number of electrons in an atom?

A

The atom must be electrically uncharged (neutral).

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9
Q

During chemical reactions what can happen to electrons?

A

They can be lost, gained or shared.

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10
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged atoms.

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11
Q

What happens when a metal loses an electron?

A

It becomes a positive ion.

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12
Q

What happens when a non-metal gains an electron?

A

It becomes a negative ion.

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13
Q

What are the chemical bonds between ions called?

A

Ionic bonds.

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14
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Particles made up of atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

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15
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Pairs of electrons shared between two atoms, which hold the atoms together within a molecule. This happens when non-metals combine.

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16
Q

What is conservation of mass?

A

The law that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. The mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of products.

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17
Q

What is an energy or an electron shell?

A

The position that electrons can occupy themselves around an atom.

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18
Q

How many electrons are they in each shell for the first twenty elements?

A

Level 1- Next to nucleus- 1 or 2 electrons only.
Level 2- Up to 8 electrons
Level 3- Up to 8 electrons
Level 4-Up to 18 electrons

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19
Q

How do you find the mass number of an element?

A

If you add together the amount of protons and neutrons in the atom’s nucleus.

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20
Q

What does group 1 in the periodic table contain?

A

The very reactive metals.

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21
Q

Why are the group 1 metals so reactive?

A

It is because they only have one electron in their outer shell, which can be lost to gain a positive electron.

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22
Q

What do the group 1 metals reactive very strongly with?

A

Oxygen and water.

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23
Q

What does group 0 contain?

A

The unreactive gases.

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24
Q

Why are the gases in group 0 very unreactive?

A

It is because apart for helium they all have 8 electrons in their outer shell.

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25
Q

What is group 0 also known as?

A

The noble gases

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26
Q

Why will atoms gain, loose or share electrons?

A

To gain a full outer shell, making them more stable.

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27
Q

Appearance of group 1 metals?

A

Dull/grey solids, shiny when cut, soft (softer down the group).

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28
Q

What happens when group 1 metals react with water?

A

Move on the surface, dissolve, make a noise, floated (less dense than water) and Effervescent (fizzed).

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29
Q

When Potassium reacts with water what happens?

A

It burns with a lilac flame.

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30
Q

Equation for reaction of group 1 metals with water?

A

Metal + COLD water= Metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

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31
Q

What happens when group 1 metals react?

A

The group 1 elements try to LOOSE their outer electron to form ionic compounds.

32
Q

Apperance of group 0 gases?

A

Are colourless at room temperature.

33
Q

What form do group 0 gases exist?

A

As single atoms (monoatomic) which are widely spread.

34
Q

What is Helium used for?

A

Airships and balloons.

35
Q

What is Neon used for?

A

Discharge lighting and lasers.

36
Q

What is Argon used for?

A

Filament lamps and lasers.

37
Q

What is Krypton used for?

A

Low-energy lamps.

38
Q

What is xenon used for?

A

Lasers or specialised lamps.

39
Q

What is Radon used for?

A

Radiotherapy.

40
Q

What compound is Limestone called?

A

Calcium Carbonate.

41
Q

What is the product of limestone when reacted with acid?

A

Salt, water and carbon dioxide.

42
Q

What reacts with Limestone to make a neutral salt?

A

Sulphuric acid

43
Q

What causes acid rain?

A

From pollution; sulphur dioxide, water and oxygen makes sulphuric acid. This damages rocks and harms or kills trees and animals.

44
Q

What is Thermal Decomposition?

A

When a compound is break down and the atoms are rearranged.

45
Q

What happens when Limestone is thermal decomposed?

A

The carbon atom takes two oxygen atoms to form carbon dioxide and the calcium atom is left with just on oxygen atom, this is calcium oxide.

46
Q

What is a solution of Calcium Hydroxide called?

A

Lime Water

47
Q

How to test for Carbon Dioxide?

A

By bubbling Carbon Dioxide through Lime water it turns to a white precipitate and an insoluble calcium carbonate forms.

48
Q

How do you make cement?

A

Limestone heated with clay. This works because thermal decomposition happens to give calcium oxide.

49
Q

How to make mortar?

A

Cement mixed with sand.

50
Q

How to make aggregate?

A

Gravel or crushed rock with water makes concrete, this is cheaper and stronger than cement.

51
Q

Why does making cement add to Britain’s Carbon Footprint?

A

Carbon dioxide is produced.

52
Q

What is a metal ore?

A

Is a mineral or mixture from which it is economically viable to extract the metal.

53
Q

What do most ores contain?

A

Metal oxides.

54
Q

To extract a metal something needs to be removed, what is it?

A

Removing oxygen from a reduction reaction.

55
Q

What is the full process of extracting a metal from its ore?

A

The ore is mined. It is separated from its impurities like spoil. The ore is then converted into a metal by being heated in air or with carbon. Lastly, the metal form is purified normally in a furnace.

56
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

The process of extracting metals from there ores using bacteria or other microorganisms.

57
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Some plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. They concentrate these compounds as a result of this. The plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds.

58
Q

What is metal displacement?

A

A type of chemical reaction where one reactant is replace by another reactant.

59
Q

What is a fossil fuel?

A

Formed over millions of years from remains of ancient single celled plants and animals that lived in the sea. They were compressed and heated and chemical reactions with air took place, gradually converted into oil.

60
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Consists of two or more elements or compounds.

61
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Is a method used to get a liquid from a mixture that dissolves into another. The liquid evaporates and its vapours are lead away, then cooled and condensed, leaving the rest of the mixture behind.

62
Q

In the fractional distillation process what type of liquid evaporates first?

A

Liquids with lower boiling points evaporate first.

63
Q

What length chain alkanes have low boiling points and which length have high boiling points?

A

Short chain alkanes have low boiling points and long chain have the highest boiling points.

64
Q

What is a fractionating column?

A

Where fractional distillation takes place. It is hottest at the bottom and cooler at the top. The vapours cool down as they rise through and when they reach a cool enough area they condense. The liquid then falls into trays which are piped out.

65
Q

What types of alkane chains condense where in the fractionating column?

A

Alkanes with long chains condense at the bottom and the alkanes which short chains remain as gases.

66
Q

What are fractions?

A

Part of the original crude oil.

67
Q

Why are short chain alkanes better fuels?

A

It is because they are gases at room temperature and ignite easily due to their flammability and being less viscous. Whereas long chain alkanes are not very flammable.

68
Q

What are fuels?

A

Something that stores energy.

69
Q

What is happens in incomplete combustion?

A

There is not enough oxygen in the air and therefore carbon monoxide forms.

70
Q

What is produced when natural gases are combusted?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

71
Q

When fuels from crude oil are burned what is produced?

A

Carbon dioxide and water are produced.

72
Q

What are particulates?

A

Solid particles produced when fuels burn. They contain carbon and unburned fuel and are deposited as soot. Dangerous to human if they inhaul high levels.

73
Q

What is the Greenhouse effect?

A

Sunlight reaches the Earth’s surface as infrared radiation and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour absorb this energy stopping it getting back into space.

74
Q

What is released when hydrocarbons burn?

A

Carbon dioxide.

75
Q

What is global dimming?

A

Solid particles released from burning fuels, reflect the sunlight back into space.

76
Q

How can sulphur dioxide be removed from power stations?

A

By powered calcium carbonate or damp calcium hydroxide.

77
Q

List three non renewable resources?

A

Crude oil, coal and natural gases.

Chemistry (4 decks)

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