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ACS 3275 > Book 1 > Flashcards

Book 1 Flashcards

1
Q

motherboard

A

central piece to which all other components connect

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2
Q

sockets

A

the kind of connector that the CPU processor has

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3
Q

buses

A

physical connections between components that connect to the motherboard, responsible for moving data between components”

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4
Q

example of bus?

A

USB

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5
Q

CPU

A

Central Processing Unit. brain of the comp. Executes instructions contained in computer programs. CPU’s sockets config must be to the motherboard’s socket type

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6
Q

Clock Speed

A

CPU that can do one thing at a time per second has clock speed of 1 Hz. i.e. 4GHz can execute 4 billion things p sec

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7
Q

context switching

A

whereby the CPU shares processing between multiple apps, swapping back and forth extremely fast, but not at literally the same time

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8
Q

caches

A

reduces time and energy to access data from memory by storing frequently used data

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9
Q

RAM

A

Random Access Memory. number of things you can have open on your comp at once. Volatile (can be lost if comp crashes). Speed is measured in MHz

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10
Q

Why use RAM?

A

It is much faster to read data stored in RAM than on hard disk. data is often read from storage and then kept in RAM while processor is actively using it.

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11
Q

Hard Drive

A

mechanical storage. contains moving parts and therefore can be unreliable

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12
Q

SSD

A

Solid State Drive. storage. contains no moving parts. They are more reliable and faster than hard drives. and more expensive

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13
Q

GPU

A

Graphic Processing Unit- optional hardware component, provides optimized processing with its own dedicated RAM. esp useful with high quality graphics and number crunching (common w gaming)

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14
Q

USB

A

Universal Serial Bus- input device. different types of connectors, with USB-C allowing power sharing

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15
Q

Heat sink

A

made of thermally conductive material. used to move heat away from sensitive components

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16
Q

thermal paste

A

used to attach heat sink to a component, helps to conduct heat from one surface to another by filling in minute imperfections (i.e. air) on surfaces

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17
Q

PSU

A

power supply unit- delivers power from power source to diff computer components

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18
Q

What components does PSU usually connect to?

A

usually connects to the motherboard, graphics cards, hard drives, and fans.

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19
Q

bit

A

Smallest increment of data on a comp. can only be one of two possible values stored in a single bit ‘0’ or ‘1.’

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20
Q

byte

A

8 bits

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21
Q

Denary or decimal

A

notation- ‘0d’. base 10. uses numbers 0-9

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22
Q

Binary

A

notation- ‘0b’ what computers use. base 2. uses only 1 and 0

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23
Q

Hexadecimal

A

notation ‘0x’- we often convert binary to hexadecimal when working with comp. base 16. use 0-9 and A- F (in place of 10-15)

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24
Q

ASCII

A

a table that converts binary numbers in storage to text that is drawn on computer screen. we use “extended ASCII” which is 8 bits and supports 255 characters (letters, punctuation, etc). “H” on a comp screen is considered ASCII version of whatever it is in binary

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25
Q

encoding

A

a mechanism enabling us to take data in one format (e.g. binary) and ‘package’ it in another, e.g. ASCII.
so we can store or transmit data within a set of constraints that are suitable to the storage or transmission medium

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26
Q

File Headers

A

most file types have a header at the beginning of the file that tells us what kind of file it is, in hex values, not to be confused with file extensions (like .txt or .pdf) which can be manually changed.

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27
Q

logic gates- what are they? what kind of input/output?

A

logic gate is any device that can take in values of 1or 0 and output a 0 or 1 based on truth table. logic gates take 2 inputs and produces 1 output. every input and output depends on voltage flowing along it- either 0 (low voltage, approx 0 volts) or 1 (high voltage, approx 5 volts).

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28
Q

logic circuit

A

multiple logic gates used together to do more complex operations. allows processor to function.

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29
Q

proposition

A

a boolean statement- one which can only be true or false.

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30
Q

AND logic gate

A

checks if two inputs are both true. if they are both true, the ouput is “true” and if one or more is false, the output is “false”.

31
Q

Types of logic gates

A

AND, OR, NOT, NOR, XAND, XOR

32
Q

AND connective

A

conjunction

33
Q

connective

A

used to connect two or more propositions. aka two boolean statements

34
Q

tautology

A

assertion/formula which is always true regardless of the inputs

35
Q

contradiction

A

assertion/formula which is always false regardless of the inputs

36
Q

contingency

A

anything that isn’t a tautology or contradiction. Outcomes are contingent on whether inputs are true or false

37
Q

file system

A

-a protocol for accessing files on and saving files to the physical storage media (i.e. disk).
-file system must be compatible with operating system to be useable.

38
Q

what do all file systems store about each file?

A

-every file system stores at least 2 pieces of info per file- contents of the file, and the metadata, and is stored in an index

39
Q

metadata

A

’ data which describes other data’, includes name of the file and the address where the contents of the file can be found

40
Q

what happens if a file is deleted?

A

the index entry is removed, but content of deleted file isn’t erased from the disk, it is just marked ‘overwritable’ and waits for content of a new file to overwrite the data.

41
Q

cluster

A

“the smallest section of the disk that can be used to store a file.
Only 1 file can be stored on a cluster.

42
Q

what happens if a file is smaller than cluster capacity?

A

if a file is much smaller than the cluster capacity, the rest of the storage space is wasted bc cluster still takes up the same amt of space. wasted space is called slack space.

43
Q

What happens if file is stored across multiple clusters?

A

-if a file is stored across multiple clusters, rest of file (that cannot be stored in a single cluster) will be stored in the cluster immediately after the 1st one (if there is space), or if no space, into a different cluster and the address of the next cluster will be added to end of 1st cluster”

44
Q

File Allocation Table

A

way to map clusters- table that contains address of all clusters (and which files they contain)

45
Q

FAT32 file system

A

uses file allocation table. does not support files larger than 4GB. Doesn’t store metadata (such as who created the file) and therefore doesn’t support permissions. was primarily used in USB drives.

46
Q

exFAT

A

file system designed for USB drives and other removable media, so it doesn’t support permission, but it’s modernized and effectively has no max file size. supports Windows, Mac, and LInux

47
Q

NTFS (New Technology File System)

A

used by modern versions of Windows.
-includes permissions support, encryption, support, and shadow copies (e.g. backup of files. strictly a Microsoft thing).
-huge size limit
-capable from healing from data corruption, to an extent.
-limited capabilities for non-Windows

48
Q

EXT4

A

more modern version of EXT3.
-supports permissions, encryption, and is a journaling file system
essentially has no max file size and you can opt to turn off the journal. also for Linux

49
Q

journaling file system

A

changes to the disk are tracked in a separate part of file system (i.e. the journal). Can help recover the drive in the event of corruption.

50
Q

APFS (Apple File System)

A

more recent than HFS+.
Only compatible w Mac OS X. essentially no file size limit , supports permissions and encryptions.
duplicate files can be stored w/o additional space, with changes to one copy of a file being saved as a delta (the difference between old file and the new file rather than the entirety of the file, to lower space requirements).

51
Q

SaaS (Software as a Service)

A

[cloud] software available via third party vendor over the internet. you don’t need to maintain the server, OS, or applications. you don’t have complete control and can’t change it as much as if you owned it.

52
Q

laaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

A

cloud-based services, pay-as-you-go and based on which components you want/rent. You give the task of managing physical hardware to someone else (receiving professional and scaled infrastructure), but you do everything else to your specification (OS, software, etc.). You rent the foundation (like of a house). Flexible, scalable, adaptable, lot of control

53
Q

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

A

vendor provides hardware and software designed to enable you to deliver applications, typically for developers. Less control than IaaS. Like renting a house with solid foundations and some rooms set up, but you can decorate as needed

54
Q

operating system (OS). What is it and what is its purpose?

A

software that manages how the computer operates, manages shared resources.

-provides useful functionality (e.g. allowing us to drag programs around the screen, copy/paste, the ability to plug in mice and keyboards, etc.)

55
Q

Common types of OS

A

-Windows, Ubuntu Linux, Mac OS, Android.
Windows being most common

56
Q

kernel

A

Center of the OS, has complete control over computer and is the first part of the OS code to be loaded when comp turns on
-controls access to computer’s most sensitive info and functions and is loaded into a protected region of memory to prevent accidental or malicious corruption.
-responsible for loading new programs, handling input and output peripherals (mice/keyboards/etc) and managing access to hardware’s shared resources (i.e. CPU, RAM, and hard drive)”

57
Q

What is the process of a computer starting?

A

Turned on. BIOS initiates Bootloader. Bootloader gets OS running. Kernel is first part of OS to load. Kernel then provides services to applications.

58
Q

“process”

A

when you run a program on your comp, a new “process” is created and executed by the processor so the program can load and serve the purpose you intend. Some programs create many processes in order to get more work done.

59
Q

interrupt

A

An interrupt is a signal that alerts the CPU there is a task requiring it’s immediate attention, and it halts the CPU and causes it to begin executing the corresponding instructions

60
Q

Hardware Interrupt

A

signal generated by hardware either inside or outside the comp (including a keyboard or mouse), telling the CPU that new input is available. Interrupt handler will then be executed, and the window which is currently in focus will receive the keyboard (for example) input via the OS

61
Q

-Software Interrupt

A

-signal generated by software, acting as an interface between the kernel and the program.
for ex- the program can use a specific interrupt to ask the kernel to perform an operation on its behalf.
ex- program sends software interrupt when opening a file, bc this is a privileged operation and the kernel needs to be consulted

62
Q

BIOS (and UEFI)`

A

[ Basic Input Output System ]- when computer is turned on, BIOS is first program that is loaded and initialized OS start up. Stored on the motherboard, provides access to input and output devices. It initializes OS by initializing and employing the bootloader for loading the OS. UEFI is most recent version, more versatile and secure.

63
Q

Where is BIOS or UEFI stored?

A

on the motherboard

64
Q

What does the BIOS use to initialize OS start up?

A

It initializes OS by initializing and employing the bootloader for loading the OS.

65
Q

Bootloader- what does it do and why?

A

progam loaded by BIOS when comp is first turned on, and is responsible for loading the OS. BIOS isn’t capable of loading hundreds of diff operating systems, and therefore needs the bootloader. Bootloader is usually installed at the same time as the OS, and is loaded by the BIOS from a known place on the hard drive.

66
Q

What is virtualization ?

A

where we create a virtual computer or ‘virtual machine’ out of software that behaves like a separate computer.
-type 2 hypersivor VM used in cybersecurity bc we often have to use multiple OS at once (before virt. we would have to install 2 OS on one hard drive and reboot to swap between them). Also, VMs offter separation, in that the guest OS cannot interfere with the host, and so we can work with malware, etc in vm without infecting host.”

67
Q

Virtual Machine

A

Virtual machine uses the hardware resources of the comp it’s running on, but cannot directly access the host OS (without specific permission).

68
Q

What is the point/intention of virtualization and VM?

A

Idea of virtualization is to break the relationship between an OS and hardware. Allows same hardware to facilitate multiple OS within a network, which is more efficient and cost effective.
Offers separation, in that the guest OS cannot interfere with the host, and so we can work with malware, etc in vm without infecting host.
VM used in cybersecurity bc we often have to use multiple OS at once (before virt. we would have to install 2 OS on one hard drive and reboot to swap between them).

69
Q

hypervisor

A

layer of code that allows multiple OS to share same hardware resources.

70
Q

Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Hypervisor

A

type 1- NO HOST OS. still is a software. meant to dedicate max amt of resources to running VMs (used many in data centers)

type 2- virtualization is done by software program that runs on an OS. (what we will be using)

71
Q

Tilde (~) on Linux

A

shorthand for the home folder of current user

72
Q

shell

A

the program that is run automatically when you open the terminal. is responsible for displaying the prompt, interpreting commands you type, running programs and displaying output to you

73
Q

what is bash?

A

Bourne Again Shell. most commonly used shell

74
Q

’/’ in bash

A

first ‘/’ means the root of the file system, the beginning of the file system from which everything else flows

ACS 3275 (1 decks)

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