bony fishes/sharks

Question 1

ramming

Answer 1

they must swim to force water through their gills
=obligate ram ventilators

Question 2

countershading

Answer 2

the vetral sides are lighter and colored while dorsal sides are darker creating a simple camouflage

Question 3

diffrencea between chondrichthyes and bony fish

Answer 3

ch- skeleton made out of cartilage-makes them lighter and more flexible
f- skeleton composed of bone tissue
ch-multiple gill slits that open directly without protective covering
f-single gill openning on each side covered by operculum
ch-give birth
f-lay eggs
ch-lack a swim bladder
f-most have swim bladder maintaining buoyancy

Question 4

denticles

Answer 4

do bot increase in size aa the fish grows instead new scales are added
placoid scales often referred to denticles
made out of same material as human teeth
it helps to reduce friction from surrounding water

Question 5

lateral line function

Answer 5

used for sensing vibrations

Question 6

fertilization and development in sharks

Answer 6

internal and direct

Question 7

which are paired and unpaired fins

Answer 7

paired=pectoral and pelvic=used for turning
unpaired=dorsal, anal, caudal=used for stability/slowing

Question 8

what is meant by pelagic fish

Answer 8

species which live and feed away from bottom, they live in open ocean=tunas

Question 9

fusiform shape

Answer 9

wide in the middle and tapers at both end, quite energy efficient for swimming

Question 10

chromatophores

Answer 10

-pigment-bearing cells
most fish can contract and expand their chromatophores to change their color
ghost glass catfish lack pigmentation

Question 11

biolumination(emit light)

Answer 11

produce light in luminescent organs or in cells called photophores
light producing bacteria living on the fish
it can attract mates, prey or confuse predators, also can help see in the dark

Question 12

angler fish

Answer 12

glowing bacteria take residence in anglerfishes esca in exchange the bacteria gains protection and nutrients

Question 13

mucus

Answer 13

some fishes cover their body in mucus for protection from predator and infection
parrolfish do this at night when they rest
young discus feed on the parent fishes muscus

Question 14

what is forebrain for

Answer 14

ability to smell
fishes with good sense of smell they have it enlarged

Question 15

what is midbrain for

Answer 15

vision, learning and motor responses
blind fishes have it reduced

Question 16

what is hind brain for

Answer 16

coordinates movement, balance
fast swimming fishes have it enlarged

Question 17

chambers in bony fishes

Answer 17

atrium and verticle