Bones & Skeletal Tissue (Ch. 6)

Question 1

Bone

Answer 1

Living tissue; highly vascular; not “dry” or “dead”; constantly changing; begin as cartilage and fibrous sheets; NOT the same as bone tissue; hard, mineralized, structure part

Question 2

Bone tissue

Answer 2

osseous; living type of connective tissue

Question 3

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 3

Most prevalent; Types: articular (joints), costal (ribs), Respiratory (neck, thorax, Adam’s apple), Nasal (nose)

Question 4

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 4

external ear, epiglottis (swallowing)

Question 5

Fibrocartilage

Answer 5

menisci of the knee, intervertebral discs (absorb shock, springy)

Question 6

Appositional Growth

Answer 6

type of cartilage growth; chondrocytes from perichondrium (around, covering) lay new matrix on external surface

Question 7

Interstitial Growth

Answer 7

type of cartilage growth; Mitosis 1st; Lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix; grow from within the structure

Question 8

Calcified Cartilage

Answer 8

under certain conditions (normal or abnormal) this can happen; does NOT make it suddenly become bone; when cartilage is calcified

Question 9

approximately 206 (varies by individual)

Answer 9

How many bones are there in the human body?

Question 10

Axial Skeleton

Answer 10

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Question 11

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 11

pectoral girdle and upper limbs, pelvis and lower limbs

Question 12

Long bones

Answer 12

shaft with 2 expanded ends (heads); bones of the limbs (except patella, wrist, and ankle); named for overall shape, not size; longer than it is wide

Question 13

Short bones

Answer 13

roughly cubed shape (same width and length); bones of the ankle and wrist; sesamoid bones

Question 14

Sesamoid bones

Answer 14

short bones imbedded in tendons; vary in size and number; extra bone; roundish; ex: patella

Question 15

Flat bones

Answer 15

bones that are flat; ex sternum and bones of the skull

Question 16

Irregular bones

Answer 16

don’t fit other categories; ex. vertebra

Question 17

Functions of bone

Answer 17

support, protection, movement, ,mineral and growth factor storage, hematopoiesis, fat storage, hormone production

Question 18

Hematopoiesis

Answer 18

function of bone; blood cell production; leads to bone marrow transplant

Question 19

Fat Storage

Answer 19

function of bone; food used to make lots and lots of red blood cells which the body needs

Question 20

Mineral and Growth factor storage

Answer 20

function of bone; Chemical warehouse; store things: mainly calcium

Question 21

Nervous tissue

Answer 21

tissue that hurts

Question 22

Vascular tissue

Answer 22

tissue that bleeds a lot

Question 23

Connective tissue

Answer 23

tissue that holds things together

Question 24

Osteocalcin

Answer 24

regulates bone formation and protects against obesity; controls body weight; part of hormone production function of bones

Question 25

Gross Anatomy of Bones

Answer 25

bone looks whole; 1 piece; outer layer of connective bone; inner layer of spongy bone

Question 26

Spongy Bone

Answer 26

aka trabecular bone; normally filled with marrow in living bone tissue

Question 27

Gross anatomy of short, irregular, and flat bones

Answer 27

all share the same overall structure; thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone; connective tissue covering inside and outside; contain bone marrow but no defined marrow cavity (no open gap, bone cavity); hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces where bones connect

Question 28

Gross anatomy of long bone

Answer 28

diaphysis (long shaft), epiphyeses

Question 29

Diaphysis

Answer 29

long shaft (axis) of the bone; "collar" of compact bone surrounding medullary cavity (marrow cavity) adults=yellow; child=red

Question 30

Epiphyeses

Answer 30

Proximal (close) and distal (far); compact bone surrounding spongy bone; covered in articular (hyaline) cartilage; epiphyseal line separates it from diaphysis

Question 31

Epiphyseal line

Answer 31

when seals, see a line

Question 32

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 32

growth plates

Question 33

Periosteum

Answer 33

membrane that covers the entire outside surface of the bone (connective tissue); two layers: outer fibrous tissue and inner osteogenic layer; richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves; Sharpey's fibers (collagenous fibers); attachment points for tendons and ligaments

Question 34

Outer fibrous layer

Answer 34

one of two layers of periosteum; tough; holds & protects bone; dense irregular connective tissue

Question 35

Inner osteogenic layer

Answer 35

responsible for appositional growth - stem cells; consists of osteogenic cells - bone cells come from this layer

Question 36

Sharpey's fibers

Answer 36

collagenous fibers; continuous with periosteum & bone

Question 37

large surface area=less force in 1 spot, more spread out; high vascularity; less easy to damage bone

Answer 37

Why is periosteum an important attachment for many tendons & ligaments?

Question 38

Endosteum

Answer 38

membrane; inside; connective tissue; covers internal bone surfaces (trabecular of spongy bone and lines canals of compact bone); contains osteogenic cells as well (can come from inside or outside)

Question 39

Hematopoietic Tissue

Answer 39

tissue that allows blood cells to form; red marrow; found within trabecular cavities of long bones and the diploe of flat bones

Question 40

Hematopoietic Tissue in Newborns

Answer 40

the medullary cavity of long bones will contain red marrow

Question 41

Hematopoietic Tissue in Adults

Answer 41

the yellow marrow will fill dialysis and even reach into epiphyses; very little red marrow, except clavicle and heads of humerus and femur; if anemic, yellow marrow turns into red marrow

Question 42

Bone Markings

Answer 42

bones are rarely smooth or featureless, except in newborns and infants; often times projections, depressions, or openings are visible; important for anthropology (determine what people did); act as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachments, joint surfaces, conduits for blood vessels and nerves