Bones of the Pelvic Limb

Question 1

The pelvis consists of the right and left ___ ___ (plural).

Answer 1

ossa coxarum

Question 2

The ossa coxarum are united ventrally at the pelvic ___ and dorsally by the ___.

Answer 2

symphysis; sacrum

Question 3

Each os coxae (singular) is comprised of four bones: ___, ___, ___, ___.

Answer 3

ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bone

Question 4

The acetabular bone is no longer grossly visible in the adult, but contributes to the formation of the ___.

Answer 4

acetabulum

Question 5

The ___ ___ forms a complete ring shaped structure when the pelvis articulates with the sacral vertebrae (sacrum).

Answer 5

pelvic girdle

Question 6

There is a pelvic ___ and pelvic ___ and between the two is the pelvic ___.

Answer 6

inlet; outlet; canal

Question 7

Note the slope of the pelvis in the cow versus the horse. The ___ slants dorsally and the initial part of the ___ ___ is narrowed. The pelvis of the cow is not as well adapted for parturition as that of the equine mare.

Answer 7

ischium; pelvic canal

Question 8

The pelvis is comprised of three basic regions, the ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___.

Answer 8

pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet, pelvic canal

Question 9

Notable structures of the os coxae include the ___ and the ___ foramen.

Answer 9

acetabulum; obturator

Question 10

Notable structures of the acetabulum include the acetabular ___ and the acetabular ___.

Answer 10

notch; fossa

Question 11

Notable structures of the ___ include the wing, body, iliac crest, tuber coxae, lateral area for the rectus femoris, tuber sacrale, greater ischiatic notch, gluteal surface, auricular surface, and arcuate line.

Answer 11

ilium

Question 12

The wing of the ilium is expanded in the ___ region.

Answer 12

cranial

Question 13

The body of the ilium comprises the ___ compressed ___ part of the ilium.

Answer 13

laterally; caudal

Question 14

The iliac crest is the ___ projecting margin of the ilium.

Answer 14

dorsocranial

Question 15

In the dog, the tuber coxae comprises the cranial ventral iliac ___. It is the ___ projecting portion of the ilium.

Answer 15

spine; cranioventral

Question 16

In the horse, the tuber coxae projects ___ and is nearly ___ in orientation.

Answer 16

laterally; vertical

Question 17

In the ox, the tuber coxae projects ___ and is often referred to as the ___.

Answer 17

laterally; hooks

Question 18

The lateral area for the rectus femoris is located ___ to the acetabulum.

Answer 18

cranial

Question 19

The lateral area for the rectus femoris serves as the origin of the rectus femoris head of the ___ ___ muscle.

Answer 19

quadratus femoris

Question 20

In the dog, the tuber sacrale is comprised of the cranial dorsal ___ ___, and caudal dorsal iliac spine, and the region between them.

Answer 20

iliac spine

Question 21

In the horse and ox, the tuber sacrale is not divided. True or False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The ___ ___ ___ is the dorsal depression of the ilium over which the ischiatic (sciatic) nerve passes.

Answer 22

greater ischiatic notch

Question 23

In the horse, the ___ ligament attaches to the medial body of the ilium and the ischial spine.

Answer 23

sacrosciatic

Question 24

In the horse, there is a foramen in the sacrosciatic ligament, the ___ ___ foramen, for certain structures to leave the pelvic cavity.

Answer 24

greater sciatic

Question 25

The greater sciatic ___ is reduced in the horse in comparison to the ox due to the attachment of the sacrosciatic ligament to the body of the ilium.

Answer 25

foramen

Question 26

In comparison to the horse, the greater sciatic foramen in the ox is large since the sacrosciatic ligament does not attach to the medial body of the ___.

Answer 26

ilium

Question 27

The ___ surface forms the lateral depression of the ilium.

Answer 27

gluteal

Question 28

The gluteal surface of the ilium serves as the attachment for the ___ and ___ gluteal muscles.

Answer 28

middle; deep

Question 29

The ___ surface forms the medially located roughened area of the ilium.

Answer 29

auricular

Question 30

The auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the auricular surface of the ___ to form the ___ joint.

Answer 30

sacrum; sacroiliac

Question 31

The ___ line extends along the ventromedial edge of the ilium from its auricular surface to the ___ eminence of the pubis and forms the lateral border of the pelvic inlet.

Answer 31

arcuate; iliopubic

Question 32

Notable structures of the ___ include the ischiatic tuberosity, ischiatic spine, lesser ischiatic notch, ischiatic table, and ischiatic arch.

Answer 32

ischium

Question 33

The hamstring muscles originate from the ischiatic ___ in the dog and from the ischiatic ___ in the horse and in the ox.

Answer 33

tuberosity; tuber

Question 34

The three muscles of hamstring group are the ___ ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 34

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Question 35

The left and right crura of the penis take their origin from the ___ aspect of the ischiatic tuberosity/tuber.

Answer 35

medial

Question 36

The ischiatic tuberoisty/tuber serves as the attachment site for the ___ ligament, which forms part of the lateral border of the pelvic canal.

Answer 36

sacrotuberous

Question 37

The sacrotuberous ligament in the dog is a cord-like structure extending from the ___ to the ___ tuberosity.

Answer 37

sacrum; ishciatic

Question 38

In the dog, the ___ ___ and ___ ___ muscles take part of their origin from the sacrotuberous ligament.

Answer 38

biceps femoris; superfical gluteal

Question 39

A tuber is larger than a tuberosity. True or False

Answer 39

True

Question 40

The small animal sacrotuberous ligament is called the ___ sacrotuberous ligament or ___ ligament in large animals.

Answer 40

broad; sacrosciatic

Question 41

In the horse, the sacrosciatic ligment has an attachment to the ___ aspect of the body of the ilium and ischial spine as well as to the sacrum, caudal vertebrae, and ischial tuber.

Answer 41

medial

Question 42

In the ox, the ischial tuber projects ___ and it often referred to as the pins.

Answer 42

dorsally

Question 43

In the ox, the ischial tuber is ___, meaning that is has three processes.

Answer 43

tripartite

Question 44

In the ox, the sacrosciatic ligament has attachments to the sacrum, caudal vertebrae, ischial spine, and ___ ischial tuber.

Answer 44

tripartite

Question 45

The ___ ___ is a dorsal projection between the ___ ischiatic notch of the ilium and the ___ ischiatic notch of the ischium.

Answer 45

ischiatic spine; greater; lesser

Question 46

In the ox, the ischiatic spine displays ___.

Answer 46

ridges

Question 47

The ___ ___ ___ forms the depressed region of the dorsal ischium located caudaul to the ischiatic spine.

Answer 47

lesser ischiatic notch

Question 48

In the horse, the sacrosciatic ligament attaches to the ischiatic spine and then extends to the ischial tuber. A ___ ___ ___ is present between the ventral border of the ligament and the lesser ischiatic notch.

Answer 48

lesser sciatic foramen

Question 49

In the ox, the lesser sciatic foramen is enlarged due to the dorsal position of the ___ ___.

Answer 49

ischial tuber

Question 50

The ischiatic ___ is a flattened, dorsal, caudal region of the ischium forming the caudal ventral floor of the pelvic canal.

Answer 50

table

Question 51

The ischiatic ___ is a caudally located notch between the left and right ischiatic tables.

Answer 51

arch

Question 52

Notable structures of the ___ include the cranial ramus, caudal ramus, iliopubic eminence, pubic tubercle, and pecten.

Answer 52

pubis

Question 53

The ___ ___ is the cranial, transverse arm of the pubis.

Answer 53

cranial ramus

Question 54

In the horse, on the ventral surface of the cranial ramus, there is a groove for the ___ ligament for the head of the femur.

Answer 54

accessory

Question 55

The ___ ___ is the caudal, longitudintal arm of the pubis that unites with its fellow to contribute to the pelvic symphysis.

Answer 55

caudal ramus

Question 56

The ___ ___ is a slight cranial prominence between the ilium and the pubis.

Answer 56

iliopubic eminence

Question 57

The iliopubic eminence serves as the point of the origin for the ___ muscle.

Answer 57

pectineus

Question 58

The ___ ___ projects cranially from the pubis on the midline.

Answer 58

pubic tubercle

Question 59

The ___ is the region between the iliopubic eminence and the pubic tubercle.

Answer 59

pecten

Question 60

The pecten serves as the attachment site for the ___ tendon.

Answer 60

prepubic

Question 61

Notable structures of the ___ include the head with fovea capitis femoris, neck, greater trochanter, trochanteric fossa, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric crest, third trochanter, trochlea, medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar fossa, medial supracondylar tuberosity, lateral supracondylar tuberosity, popliteal surface, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, and extensor fossa.

Answer 61

femur

Question 62

The femoral ___ is the rounded condyle of the femur that articulates within the acetabulum.

Answer 62

head

Question 63

The ___ ___ ___ is a small depression located centrally on the femoral head to which the ___ of the head of the femur attaches.

Answer 63

fovea capitis femoris; ligament

Question 64

In the horse, the fovea capitis femoris of the femoral head is enlarged for the attachment of an additional ligament, the “___ ligament of the head of the femur”, which attaches along with the “ligament of the head of the femur”. This additional ligament of the femoral head prevents the horse from ___-___.

Answer 64

accessory; side-kicking

Question 65

The ___ is the constricted region between the femoral head and the remainder of the femur.

Answer 65

neck

Question 66

The ___ ___ is a large projection on the dorsolateral portion of the femoral bone.

Answer 66

greater trochanter

Question 67

The greater trochanter serves as an attachment site for the ___ and ___ gluteal muscles.

Answer 67

middle; deep

Question 68

In the dog, the greater trochanter is undivided. True or False

Answer 68

True

Question 69

In the horse, the greater trochanter is divided into ___ and ___ parts.

Answer 69

cranial; caudal

Question 70

In the ox, the greater trochanter is ___.

Answer 70

undivided

Question 71

The ___ ___ is a large depression on the proximocaudal surface of the femoral bone.

Answer 71

trochanteric fossa

Question 72

The trochanteric fossa serves as an attachment site for the internal and external ___ and ___ muscles.

Answer 72

obturator; gemelli

Question 73

The ___ ___ is a medial bump on the proximal portion of the femoral bone.

Answer 73

lesser trochanter

Question 74

The lesser trochanter serves as the point of insertion for the ___ muscle.

Answer 74

iliopsoas

Question 75

The ___ ___ extends between the greater and lesser trochanters.

Answer 75

intertrochanteric crest

Question 76

The intertrochanteric crest serves as the point of insertion for the ___ ___ muscle.

Answer 76

quadratus femoris

Question 77

The ___ ___ is a projection on the proximolateral surface of the femoral bone, just distal to the greater trochanter.

Answer 77

third trochanter

Question 78

The third trochanter serves as an attachment site for the ___ muscle.

Answer 78

gluteal

Question 79

The third trochanter of the femur is prominent in the horse. True or False

Answer 79

True

Question 80

The third trochanter of the femur is absent in the ox. True or False

Answer 80

True

Question 81

The ___ is a groove on the craniodistal portion of the femoral bone.

Answer 81

trochlea

Question 82

The trochlea of the femur possesses medial and lateral trochlear ___ between which the ___ slides during articulation of the stifle.

Answer 82

lips; patella

Question 83

A ___ bone is one that is located within the tendon of a muscle and therefore has no direct articulation with another bone.

Answer 83

sesamoid

Question 84

The ___ is the largest sesamoid bone in the vertebrate body. It is enveloped within the tendon of the ___ ___ muscle and is stabilized within the gliding surface of the trochlea by the lateral and medial ___ ligaments.

Answer 84

patella; quadriceps femoris; femoropatellar

Question 85

The trochlea and patella in large animals is an important component of the ___ ___ mechanism.

Answer 85

patella locking

Question 86

Trochlea (noun) means ___.

Answer 86

pulley

Question 87

In the horse, the trochlea has medial and lateral ridges/lips, and the medial ridge is expanded proximally as the ___ ___.

Answer 87

trochlear tubercle

Question 88

The proximal aspect of the trochlear tubercle in the horse is somewhat flattened and presents a ___ surface for the patella.

Answer 88

resting

Question 89

The groove located between the medial and lateral trochlear ridges in the horse serves as the ___ surface for the patella.

Answer 89

gliding

Question 90

The ridges of the femoral trochlea are properly described as the ___ ___ of the ___ of the ___, and the ___ ___ of the ___ of the ___.

Answer 90

medial ridge of the trochlea of the femur; lateral ridge of the trochlea of the femur

Question 91

The ___ ___ is a distocaudal projection of the femur on the medial side that articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia.

Answer 91

medial condyle

Question 92

The ___ ___ is a distocaudal projection of the femur on the lateral side that articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Answer 92

lateral condyle

Question 93

The ___ ___ is a deep, wide space separating the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.

Answer 93

intercondylar fossa

Question 94

The ___ ___ ___ of the femur serves as the point of origin for the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the superifical digital flexor muscle.

Answer 94

lateral supracondylar tuberosity

Question 95

The tendon of origin of the gastrocnemis muscle envelopes the ___ ___ sesamoid bone.

Answer 95

lateral fabella

Question 96

In the horse, a supracondylar ___ serves as the origin for the superficial digital flexor muscle.

Answer 96

fossa

Question 97

The ___ ___ is a large, flat, triangular area on the caudal surface of the distal extremity of the femur proximal to the condyles.

Answer 97

popliteal surface

Question 98

The ___ ___ serves as the site of attachment for the medial collateral ligament of the stifle joint.

Answer 98

medial epicondyle

Question 99

The lateral epicondyle serves as the site of attachment for the ___ ___ ___ of the stifle joint.

Answer 99

lateral collateral ligament

Question 100

The ___ ___ is a depression on the distal aspect of the lateral femoral epicondyle at the junction of the lateral condyle and the lateral lip of the trochlea.

Answer 100

extensor fossa

Question 101

The extensor fossa of the femur serves as the point of origin for the ___ ___ ___ muscle.

Answer 101

long digital extensor

Question 102

In the horse, the extensor fossa serves as the point of origin for both the long digital extensor muscle and the ___ ___.

Answer 102

fibularis tertius

Question 103

Notable structures of the ___ include the medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar eminence, cranial intercondylar area, caudal intercondylar area, popliteal notch, tibial tuberosity, cranial border, extensor groove, tibial cochlea, and medial malleolus.

Answer 103

tibia

Question 104

The tibia serves as the medial bone of the ___.

Answer 104

crus

Question 105

The ___ ___ is a concave proximal region on the medial side of the tibia.

Answer 105

medial condyle

Question 106

The medial condyle of the tibia articulates with the medial ___ condyle.

Answer 106

femoral

Question 107

The ___ ___ is a concave proximal region on the lateral side of the tibia.

Answer 107

lateral condyle

Question 108

The lateral condyle of the tibia articulates with the lateral ___ condyle.

Answer 108

femoral

Question 109

In the horse and in the ox, the tibia carries the weight of the limb. True or False

Answer 109

True

Question 110

The ___ ___ is an elevated region between the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.

Answer 110

intercondylar eminence

Question 111

The ___ ___ area is a region cranial to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.

Answer 111

cranial intercondylar

Question 112

The cranial intercondylar area of the tibia serves as an attachment site for the cranial ___ ligament and cranial parts of the ___.

Answer 112

cruciate; menisci

Question 113

The ___ ___ area is a region caudal to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.

Answer 113

caudal intercondylar

Question 114

The caudal intercondylar area of the tibia serves an an attachment site for the caudal part of the ___ ___.

Answer 114

medial meniscus

Question 115

The ___ ___ is located caudal to the caudal intercondylar area of the tibia; it is a concave region located between the two tibial condyles.

Answer 115

popliteal notch

Question 116

The ___ ___ is a large quadrangular process on the proximocranial surface of the tibia.

Answer 116

tibial tuberosity

Question 117

The tibial tuberosity serves as the point of insertion for the ___ ___ via the ___ ligament, and also for the biceps femoris and sartorius muscles.

Answer 117

quadriceps femoris; patellar

Question 118

The ___ border of the tibia extends from the tibial tuberosity.

Answer 118

cranial

Question 119

The ___ ___ is a laterally located depression on the tibia at the junction between the lateral condyle and tibial tuberosity.

Answer 119

extensor groove

Question 120

The tendon of the ___ ___ ___ muscle passes through the extensor groove of the tibia.

Answer 120

long digital extensor

Question 121

In the horse, both the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle and the ___ ___ pass through the extensor groove of the tibia.

Answer 121

fibularis tertius

Question 122

The ___ ___ is a concave region of the distal tibia that articulates with the trochlea of the talus.

Answer 122

tibial cochlea

Question 123

In the horse, a sagittal ridge of the tibial cochlea, called the ___ ____ ridge, is of clinical significance.

Answer 123

distal intermediate

Question 124

The medial ___ is the medial part of the distal extremity of the tibia.

Answer 124

malleolus

Question 125

Notable structures of the ___ include the head and lateral malleolus.

Answer 125

fibula

Question 126

The fibula is the lateral bone of the ___.

Answer 126

crus

Question 127

The fibula is rudimentary in the horse. True or False

Answer 127

True

Question 128

In the ox, the fibula is reduced. True or False

Answer 128

True

Question 129

In the ox, the head of the fibula is ___ with the lateral condyle of the tibia and has a distally projecting process. A fibrous strand attaches to this process to replace the ___ of the fibula.

Answer 129

___; body

Question 130

The ___ of the fibula articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Answer 130

head

Question 131

The lateral ___ is the distal extremity of the fibula containing grooves for the passage of muscle tendons.

Answer 131

malleolus

Question 132

In the horse, the lateral malleolus is incorporated in the tibia since the fibula ends halfway down the tibia. True or False.

Answer 132

True

Question 133

In the ox, the lateral malleolus equivalent is a separate bone altogether called the ___ bone.

Answer 133

malleolar

Question 134

In the dog, the pes is referred to as the ____.

Answer 134

hindpaw.

Question 135

In the horse and in the ox, the pes is referred to as the region including and extending from the hock to the hoof. True or False

Answer 135

True

Question 136

Notable structure of the ___ include the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits.

Answer 136

pes

Question 137

Notable structures of the ___ include the calcaneus with tuber calcanei and sustentaculum tali; talus with trochlea; central tarsal bone; tarsal bones I, II, III, and IV.

Answer 137

tarsus

Question 138

Notable structures of each ___ (excluding MT I) include the base, body, and head.

Answer 138

metatarsus

Question 139

The tarsus is commonly referred to as the ___ in the dog, horse and ox; and the ankle in humans.

Answer 139

hock

Question 140

The tarsus is comprised of ___ irregular rows of tarsal bones.

Answer 140

three

Question 141

The ___ is the most laterally located bone of the proximal row of the tarsus.

Answer 141

calcaneus

Question 142

The tuber ___ is a notable structure of the calcaneus.

Answer 142

calcanei

Question 143

The ___ ___ is a medial projection with an articular surface for talus.

Answer 143

sustentaculum tali

Question 144

The ___ is the most medially located bone of the proximal row of the tarsus.

Answer 144

talus

Question 145

The trochlea of the talus is notable in the horse; the horse is classified as a ___, an odd-toed ungulate.

Answer 145

perissodactyla

Question 146

Notable in the ox is a proximal and distal trochlea of the talus; the ox is classified as a ___, an even-toed ungulate.

Answer 146

artiodactylas

Question 147

The ___ tarsal bone is the bone of the middle row of the tarsus.

Answer 147

central

Question 148

In the ox, the central tarsal bone is fused with tarsal bone ___.

Answer 148

IV

Question 149

Tarsal bones I, II and III are the bones of the ___ row of the tarsus.

Answer 149

distal

Question 150

In the horse, tarsal bones I and II are fused. True or False

Answer 150

True

Question 151

In the horse, tarsal bone III rests entirely on metatarsal ___.

Answer 151

III

Question 152

In the ox, tarsal bones II and III are fused. True or False

Answer 152

True

Question 153

Tarsal bone ___ completes the distal row of tarsal bones laterally and also extends into the middle row of the tarsus.

Answer 153

IV

Question 154

In the ox, tarsal bone IV is fused with the ___ tarsal bone; it is specially named the ___ tarsal bone.

Answer 154

central; centroquartale

Question 155

The metatarsus is comprised of ___ metatarsal bones; referred to as the bones of the foot in humans.

Answer 155

five

Question 156

Metatarsal I may be divided, rudimentary, or absent; when present, it forms the base of the ___claw.

Answer 156

dew

Question 157

In the horse, metatarsal III can be distinguished from metacarpal III because MT III has a round cross section, where as MC III is more flattened/oval in cross section. Both MT III and MC III are commonly referred to as ___ bones.

Answer 157

cannon

Question 158

In the ox, MT bones III and IV are longer and more slender, and square in cross section; MC bones III and IV are transversely oval. True or False

Answer 158

True

Question 159

With the exception of MT I, each metatarsal has a ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 159

base; body; head

Question 160

The digits of the hindlimb are similar to the corresponding bones in the forelimb in the dog, horse, and ox respectively. True or False

Answer 160

True

Question 161

In the dog, the first digit is the dew claw which may be fully developed and include metatarsal I, proximal and distal phalanges, or there may be only a distal phalanx present. In some canine species (ex: ___ ___), there are two dew claws present on each pes and manus.

Answer 161

Great Pyranees