Bones of the Pelvic Limb Flashcards
The pelvis consists of the right and left ___ ___ (plural).
ossa coxarum
The ossa coxarum are united ventrally at the pelvic ___ and dorsally by the ___.
symphysis; sacrum
Each os coxae (singular) is comprised of four bones: ___, ___, ___, ___.
ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bone
The acetabular bone is no longer grossly visible in the adult, but contributes to the formation of the ___.
acetabulum
The ___ ___ forms a complete ring shaped structure when the pelvis articulates with the sacral vertebrae (sacrum).
pelvic girdle
There is a pelvic ___ and pelvic ___ and between the two is the pelvic ___.
inlet; outlet; canal
Note the slope of the pelvis in the cow versus the horse. The ___ slants dorsally and the initial part of the ___ ___ is narrowed. The pelvis of the cow is not as well adapted for parturition as that of the equine mare.
ischium; pelvic canal
The pelvis is comprised of three basic regions, the ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___.
pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet, pelvic canal
Notable structures of the os coxae include the ___ and the ___ foramen.
acetabulum; obturator
Notable structures of the acetabulum include the acetabular ___ and the acetabular ___.
notch; fossa
Notable structures of the ___ include the wing, body, iliac crest, tuber coxae, lateral area for the rectus femoris, tuber sacrale, greater ischiatic notch, gluteal surface, auricular surface, and arcuate line.
ilium
The wing of the ilium is expanded in the ___ region.
cranial
The body of the ilium comprises the ___ compressed ___ part of the ilium.
laterally; caudal
The iliac crest is the ___ projecting margin of the ilium.
dorsocranial
In the dog, the tuber coxae comprises the cranial ventral iliac ___. It is the ___ projecting portion of the ilium.
spine; cranioventral
In the horse, the tuber coxae projects ___ and is nearly ___ in orientation.
laterally; vertical
In the ox, the tuber coxae projects ___ and is often referred to as the ___.
laterally; hooks
The lateral area for the rectus femoris is located ___ to the acetabulum.
cranial
The lateral area for the rectus femoris serves as the origin of the rectus femoris head of the ___ ___ muscle.
quadratus femoris
In the dog, the tuber sacrale is comprised of the cranial dorsal ___ ___, and caudal dorsal iliac spine, and the region between them.
iliac spine
In the horse and ox, the tuber sacrale is not divided. True or False
True
The ___ ___ ___ is the dorsal depression of the ilium over which the ischiatic (sciatic) nerve passes.
greater ischiatic notch
In the horse, the ___ ligament attaches to the medial body of the ilium and the ischial spine.
sacrosciatic
In the horse, there is a foramen in the sacrosciatic ligament, the ___ ___ foramen, for certain structures to leave the pelvic cavity.
greater sciatic
The greater sciatic ___ is reduced in the horse in comparison to the ox due to the attachment of the sacrosciatic ligament to the body of the ilium.
foramen
In comparison to the horse, the greater sciatic foramen in the ox is large since the sacrosciatic ligament does not attach to the medial body of the ___.
ilium
The ___ surface forms the lateral depression of the ilium.
gluteal
The gluteal surface of the ilium serves as the attachment for the ___ and ___ gluteal muscles.
middle; deep
The ___ surface forms the medially located roughened area of the ilium.
auricular
The auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the auricular surface of the ___ to form the ___ joint.
sacrum; sacroiliac
The ___ line extends along the ventromedial edge of the ilium from its auricular surface to the ___ eminence of the pubis and forms the lateral border of the pelvic inlet.
arcuate; iliopubic
Notable structures of the ___ include the ischiatic tuberosity, ischiatic spine, lesser ischiatic notch, ischiatic table, and ischiatic arch.
ischium
The hamstring muscles originate from the ischiatic ___ in the dog and from the ischiatic ___ in the horse and in the ox.
tuberosity; tuber
The three muscles of hamstring group are the ___ ___, ___, and ___.
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
The left and right crura of the penis take their origin from the ___ aspect of the ischiatic tuberosity/tuber.
medial
The ischiatic tuberoisty/tuber serves as the attachment site for the ___ ligament, which forms part of the lateral border of the pelvic canal.
sacrotuberous
The sacrotuberous ligament in the dog is a cord-like structure extending from the ___ to the ___ tuberosity.
sacrum; ishciatic
In the dog, the ___ ___ and ___ ___ muscles take part of their origin from the sacrotuberous ligament.
biceps femoris; superfical gluteal
A tuber is larger than a tuberosity. True or False
True
The small animal sacrotuberous ligament is called the ___ sacrotuberous ligament or ___ ligament in large animals.
broad; sacrosciatic
In the horse, the sacrosciatic ligment has an attachment to the ___ aspect of the body of the ilium and ischial spine as well as to the sacrum, caudal vertebrae, and ischial tuber.
medial
In the ox, the ischial tuber projects ___ and it often referred to as the pins.
dorsally
In the ox, the ischial tuber is ___, meaning that is has three processes.
tripartite
In the ox, the sacrosciatic ligament has attachments to the sacrum, caudal vertebrae, ischial spine, and ___ ischial tuber.
tripartite
The ___ ___ is a dorsal projection between the ___ ischiatic notch of the ilium and the ___ ischiatic notch of the ischium.
ischiatic spine; greater; lesser
In the ox, the ischiatic spine displays ___.
ridges
The ___ ___ ___ forms the depressed region of the dorsal ischium located caudaul to the ischiatic spine.
lesser ischiatic notch
In the horse, the sacrosciatic ligament attaches to the ischiatic spine and then extends to the ischial tuber. A ___ ___ ___ is present between the ventral border of the ligament and the lesser ischiatic notch.
lesser sciatic foramen
In the ox, the lesser sciatic foramen is enlarged due to the dorsal position of the ___ ___.
ischial tuber
The ischiatic ___ is a flattened, dorsal, caudal region of the ischium forming the caudal ventral floor of the pelvic canal.
table
The ischiatic ___ is a caudally located notch between the left and right ischiatic tables.
arch
Notable structures of the ___ include the cranial ramus, caudal ramus, iliopubic eminence, pubic tubercle, and pecten.
pubis
The ___ ___ is the cranial, transverse arm of the pubis.
cranial ramus
In the horse, on the ventral surface of the cranial ramus, there is a groove for the ___ ligament for the head of the femur.
accessory
The ___ ___ is the caudal, longitudintal arm of the pubis that unites with its fellow to contribute to the pelvic symphysis.
caudal ramus
The ___ ___ is a slight cranial prominence between the ilium and the pubis.
iliopubic eminence
The iliopubic eminence serves as the point of the origin for the ___ muscle.
pectineus
The ___ ___ projects cranially from the pubis on the midline.
pubic tubercle
The ___ is the region between the iliopubic eminence and the pubic tubercle.
pecten
The pecten serves as the attachment site for the ___ tendon.
prepubic
Notable structures of the ___ include the head with fovea capitis femoris, neck, greater trochanter, trochanteric fossa, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric crest, third trochanter, trochlea, medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar fossa, medial supracondylar tuberosity, lateral supracondylar tuberosity, popliteal surface, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, and extensor fossa.
femur
The femoral ___ is the rounded condyle of the femur that articulates within the acetabulum.
head
The ___ ___ ___ is a small depression located centrally on the femoral head to which the ___ of the head of the femur attaches.
fovea capitis femoris; ligament
In the horse, the fovea capitis femoris of the femoral head is enlarged for the attachment of an additional ligament, the “___ ligament of the head of the femur”, which attaches along with the “ligament of the head of the femur”. This additional ligament of the femoral head prevents the horse from ___-___.
accessory; side-kicking
The ___ is the constricted region between the femoral head and the remainder of the femur.
neck
The ___ ___ is a large projection on the dorsolateral portion of the femoral bone.
greater trochanter
The greater trochanter serves as an attachment site for the ___ and ___ gluteal muscles.
middle; deep
In the dog, the greater trochanter is undivided. True or False
True
In the horse, the greater trochanter is divided into ___ and ___ parts.
cranial; caudal
In the ox, the greater trochanter is ___.
undivided
The ___ ___ is a large depression on the proximocaudal surface of the femoral bone.
trochanteric fossa
The trochanteric fossa serves as an attachment site for the internal and external ___ and ___ muscles.
obturator; gemelli
The ___ ___ is a medial bump on the proximal portion of the femoral bone.
lesser trochanter
The lesser trochanter serves as the point of insertion for the ___ muscle.
iliopsoas
The ___ ___ extends between the greater and lesser trochanters.
intertrochanteric crest
The intertrochanteric crest serves as the point of insertion for the ___ ___ muscle.
quadratus femoris
The ___ ___ is a projection on the proximolateral surface of the femoral bone, just distal to the greater trochanter.
third trochanter
The third trochanter serves as an attachment site for the ___ muscle.
gluteal
The third trochanter of the femur is prominent in the horse. True or False
True
The third trochanter of the femur is absent in the ox. True or False
True
The ___ is a groove on the craniodistal portion of the femoral bone.
trochlea
The trochlea of the femur possesses medial and lateral trochlear ___ between which the ___ slides during articulation of the stifle.
lips; patella
A ___ bone is one that is located within the tendon of a muscle and therefore has no direct articulation with another bone.
sesamoid
The ___ is the largest sesamoid bone in the vertebrate body. It is enveloped within the tendon of the ___ ___ muscle and is stabilized within the gliding surface of the trochlea by the lateral and medial ___ ligaments.
patella; quadriceps femoris; femoropatellar
The trochlea and patella in large animals is an important component of the ___ ___ mechanism.
patella locking
Trochlea (noun) means ___.
pulley
In the horse, the trochlea has medial and lateral ridges/lips, and the medial ridge is expanded proximally as the ___ ___.
trochlear tubercle
The proximal aspect of the trochlear tubercle in the horse is somewhat flattened and presents a ___ surface for the patella.
resting
The groove located between the medial and lateral trochlear ridges in the horse serves as the ___ surface for the patella.
gliding
The ridges of the femoral trochlea are properly described as the ___ ___ of the ___ of the ___, and the ___ ___ of the ___ of the ___.
medial ridge of the trochlea of the femur; lateral ridge of the trochlea of the femur
The ___ ___ is a distocaudal projection of the femur on the medial side that articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia.
medial condyle
The ___ ___ is a distocaudal projection of the femur on the lateral side that articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
lateral condyle
The ___ ___ is a deep, wide space separating the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
intercondylar fossa
The ___ ___ ___ of the femur serves as the point of origin for the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the superifical digital flexor muscle.
lateral supracondylar tuberosity
The tendon of origin of the gastrocnemis muscle envelopes the ___ ___ sesamoid bone.
lateral fabella
In the horse, a supracondylar ___ serves as the origin for the superficial digital flexor muscle.
fossa
The ___ ___ is a large, flat, triangular area on the caudal surface of the distal extremity of the femur proximal to the condyles.
popliteal surface
The ___ ___ serves as the site of attachment for the medial collateral ligament of the stifle joint.
medial epicondyle
The lateral epicondyle serves as the site of attachment for the ___ ___ ___ of the stifle joint.
lateral collateral ligament
The ___ ___ is a depression on the distal aspect of the lateral femoral epicondyle at the junction of the lateral condyle and the lateral lip of the trochlea.
extensor fossa
The extensor fossa of the femur serves as the point of origin for the ___ ___ ___ muscle.
long digital extensor
In the horse, the extensor fossa serves as the point of origin for both the long digital extensor muscle and the ___ ___.
fibularis tertius
Notable structures of the ___ include the medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar eminence, cranial intercondylar area, caudal intercondylar area, popliteal notch, tibial tuberosity, cranial border, extensor groove, tibial cochlea, and medial malleolus.
tibia
The tibia serves as the medial bone of the ___.
crus
The ___ ___ is a concave proximal region on the medial side of the tibia.
medial condyle
The medial condyle of the tibia articulates with the medial ___ condyle.
femoral
The ___ ___ is a concave proximal region on the lateral side of the tibia.
lateral condyle
The lateral condyle of the tibia articulates with the lateral ___ condyle.
femoral
In the horse and in the ox, the tibia carries the weight of the limb. True or False
True
The ___ ___ is an elevated region between the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.
intercondylar eminence
The ___ ___ area is a region cranial to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
cranial intercondylar
The cranial intercondylar area of the tibia serves as an attachment site for the cranial ___ ligament and cranial parts of the ___.
cruciate; menisci
The ___ ___ area is a region caudal to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
caudal intercondylar
The caudal intercondylar area of the tibia serves an an attachment site for the caudal part of the ___ ___.
medial meniscus
The ___ ___ is located caudal to the caudal intercondylar area of the tibia; it is a concave region located between the two tibial condyles.
popliteal notch
The ___ ___ is a large quadrangular process on the proximocranial surface of the tibia.
tibial tuberosity
The tibial tuberosity serves as the point of insertion for the ___ ___ via the ___ ligament, and also for the biceps femoris and sartorius muscles.
quadriceps femoris; patellar
The ___ border of the tibia extends from the tibial tuberosity.
cranial
The ___ ___ is a laterally located depression on the tibia at the junction between the lateral condyle and tibial tuberosity.
extensor groove
The tendon of the ___ ___ ___ muscle passes through the extensor groove of the tibia.
long digital extensor
In the horse, both the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle and the ___ ___ pass through the extensor groove of the tibia.
fibularis tertius
The ___ ___ is a concave region of the distal tibia that articulates with the trochlea of the talus.
tibial cochlea
In the horse, a sagittal ridge of the tibial cochlea, called the ___ ____ ridge, is of clinical significance.
distal intermediate
The medial ___ is the medial part of the distal extremity of the tibia.
malleolus
Notable structures of the ___ include the head and lateral malleolus.
fibula
The fibula is the lateral bone of the ___.
crus
The fibula is rudimentary in the horse. True or False
True
In the ox, the fibula is reduced. True or False
True
In the ox, the head of the fibula is ___ with the lateral condyle of the tibia and has a distally projecting process. A fibrous strand attaches to this process to replace the ___ of the fibula.
___; body
The ___ of the fibula articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
head
The lateral ___ is the distal extremity of the fibula containing grooves for the passage of muscle tendons.
malleolus
In the horse, the lateral malleolus is incorporated in the tibia since the fibula ends halfway down the tibia. True or False.
True
In the ox, the lateral malleolus equivalent is a separate bone altogether called the ___ bone.
malleolar
In the dog, the pes is referred to as the ____.
hindpaw.
In the horse and in the ox, the pes is referred to as the region including and extending from the hock to the hoof. True or False
True
Notable structure of the ___ include the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits.
pes
Notable structures of the ___ include the calcaneus with tuber calcanei and sustentaculum tali; talus with trochlea; central tarsal bone; tarsal bones I, II, III, and IV.
tarsus
Notable structures of each ___ (excluding MT I) include the base, body, and head.
metatarsus
The tarsus is commonly referred to as the ___ in the dog, horse and ox; and the ankle in humans.
hock
The tarsus is comprised of ___ irregular rows of tarsal bones.
three
The ___ is the most laterally located bone of the proximal row of the tarsus.
calcaneus
The tuber ___ is a notable structure of the calcaneus.
calcanei
The ___ ___ is a medial projection with an articular surface for talus.
sustentaculum tali
The ___ is the most medially located bone of the proximal row of the tarsus.
talus
The trochlea of the talus is notable in the horse; the horse is classified as a ___, an odd-toed ungulate.
perissodactyla
Notable in the ox is a proximal and distal trochlea of the talus; the ox is classified as a ___, an even-toed ungulate.
artiodactylas
The ___ tarsal bone is the bone of the middle row of the tarsus.
central
In the ox, the central tarsal bone is fused with tarsal bone ___.
IV
Tarsal bones I, II and III are the bones of the ___ row of the tarsus.
distal
In the horse, tarsal bones I and II are fused. True or False
True
In the horse, tarsal bone III rests entirely on metatarsal ___.
III
In the ox, tarsal bones II and III are fused. True or False
True
Tarsal bone ___ completes the distal row of tarsal bones laterally and also extends into the middle row of the tarsus.
IV
In the ox, tarsal bone IV is fused with the ___ tarsal bone; it is specially named the ___ tarsal bone.
central; centroquartale
The metatarsus is comprised of ___ metatarsal bones; referred to as the bones of the foot in humans.
five
Metatarsal I may be divided, rudimentary, or absent; when present, it forms the base of the ___claw.
dew
In the horse, metatarsal III can be distinguished from metacarpal III because MT III has a round cross section, where as MC III is more flattened/oval in cross section. Both MT III and MC III are commonly referred to as ___ bones.
cannon
In the ox, MT bones III and IV are longer and more slender, and square in cross section; MC bones III and IV are transversely oval. True or False
True
With the exception of MT I, each metatarsal has a ___, ___, and ___.
base; body; head
The digits of the hindlimb are similar to the corresponding bones in the forelimb in the dog, horse, and ox respectively. True or False
True
In the dog, the first digit is the dew claw which may be fully developed and include metatarsal I, proximal and distal phalanges, or there may be only a distal phalanx present. In some canine species (ex: ___ ___), there are two dew claws present on each pes and manus.
Great Pyranees
