Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Skeletal > Bones/cells/function > Flashcards

Bones/cells/function Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 body planes

A

Coronal - separate front and back
Sagittal - cut straight down
Horizontal/transverse - cut top from bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some of the skeletons functions

A

Support, movement (joints), boundaries/protection (skull), hematopoiesis, triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow), mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium and phosphate), attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ventral VS dorsal?

A

Front VS back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the types of bone cells

A

Osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, osteogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many bones does the body have and what % of your body is the skeleton?

A

206 and 18%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do the following support ribs/sternum, spine, cranium?

A

Lungs and heart
Spinal chord
Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does haemaopoiesis mean?

A

Formation and development of blood cells from red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define osteoclasts:

A

Osteoclasts are lisosomal enzymes which dissolve/digest bone matrix.
Derived from up to 50 monocytes (WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does resorption mean?

A

This is the breakdown of the bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the result of excess osteoclast activity?

A

Loss of bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Proximal VS distal

A

p=near the trunk

d=further from the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anterior (ventral) VS posterior (dorsal)

A 
A= near the front
P= near the back
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anterior is also known as

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Posterior also known as

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Osteogenic cells

A

Bone stem cells that are the only bone cell to undergo division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define osteoblasts and when they can be found where

A

Bone building cells and can be found at fracture sites, deep layers of periosteum, centers of ossification of immature bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that do not divide. They monitor and maintain bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Osteoclasts

A

cells that break down bone, releasing calcium and phosphate. Giant cells with up to 50 nuclei from the fusion of many monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is resoprtion and why do we do it?

A

the break down of bone matrix in order to regerenate and replenish our skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteoclast and osteoblast relationship

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to remodel bone throughout life. Excess osteoclast activity leads to loss of bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the 2 types of one in the body

A

compact and spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What % of our skeleton is compact bone

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define compact bone

A

compact bone is found beneath the periosteum of all ones and makes up the bulk of diaphysis of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define an osteon

A

a structural unit of compact bone. Osteons tend to be aligned in the same lines as stress which differs per individual i.e. crawling or walking. Your skeleton reflects the physical demands we put it through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

The shaft of a bone which is mainly compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why does our skeleton need constant remodeling?

A

to reflect the ohysical strain we put it through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the 4 parts of an osteon what what they do

A

Haversian : how we get blood in and out of compact bone, effective delivery of nutrients - center. Nerves and blood veddles
Lamellae : concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen. Rings of bony matrix. Give strength
Canaliculi : mini system of interconnected canals that provides a route for nutrients and waste to move through
Lucanae : small spaced called lacunae with osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is the skeleton living?

A

Yes, it is formed of lots of living components and minerals which contains bone marrow in certain areas. This is why blood circulation needs to be strong.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define spongy bone

A

20% of our skeletal mass is spongy bone. Its two main functions are to produce red blood cells from red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is found in macroscopic spaces between trabeculae?

A

Bone marrow/blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define the bone matrix

A

the bone matrix contains minerals (mainly calcium phosphate then magnesium, sulphate and potassium) that combine together and are deposited and crystalized in the framework formed by collagen which form the ‘hardness’ of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Connective tissue that contains osteoblasts/genic/cytes/clasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in bone?

A

Calcium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define long bones

A

Bones that have a greater length than width

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the epiphyses?

A

2 heads on a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is spongy bone mostly found

A

In the epiphysis

37
Q

Give 3 examples of long bones

A

Femur, tibia and humerus

38
Q

define proximal epiphysis?

A

The proximal epiphysis is the end of the long bone closest to the center of the body

39
Q

define epiphysis

A

The heads of the bone, proximal and distal end of long bones. It contains a thin outer region of compact bone covered by cartilage and inner spongy bone with red bone marrow

40
Q

Define the epiphyseal plate

A

It is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length. Separating the diaphysis the allowing it to grow in length

41
Q

define the diaphysis

A

the tubular shaft of long bones, the outer compact bone is covered by the periosteum. It contains a central medullary cavity that contains red/yellow bone marrow. ALL marrow starts off as red marrow

42
Q

Can you turn yellow bone marrow into red?

A

Yes, to produce more red blood cells

43
Q

Define the periosteum

A

A double layered membrane that surrounds the outside of bone when it is not covered by cartilage. It is a pain sensitive, highly vascular membrane that protects bone and serves as an attachment for ligaments and tendons. It enters

44
Q

list 5 types of bone

A

Short - carpals (wrist) metacarpals (ankle) - little movement
Flat - sternum, ribs, most skull bones - protective/supportive
irregular - vertebrae, some skull bones protective/supportive
Sesamoid (sesame seed shape) - patella
Long - femur, tibia, fibula - majority of movement

45
Q

What do short, sesamoid, flat and irregular bone types all have in common

A

No shafts or extremities and are diverse in shape and size

46
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system releaase to achieve homeostasis when needed?

A

Calcium phosphaste

47
Q

Red bone marrow is the bodies production center for….?

A

Red blood cells

48
Q

How are muscles connected to bones?

A

By tendons

49
Q

what holds bones together

A

Ligaments

50
Q

Bones articulate through each other by?

A

Joints

51
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

It provides padding between bones for the ends of joints

52
Q

What is the bone matrix made up of?

A

1/3 - organic proteins i.e. collagen to provide flexibility

2/3 - inorganic minerals, mainly calcium to provide stiffness

53
Q

what does a medullary canal contain?

A

Fatty yellow bone marrow

54
Q

What are long bones covered in?

A

by the periostium. 2x layers - 1x outter tough and fibrous layer and 1x inner layer with osteoblasts and osteoclasts

55
Q

Which part of the bone has its own blood supply?

A

Epiphyses

56
Q

How are osteocytes nourished?

A

By tissue fluid in the canaliculi which radiates from the center canals

57
Q

Bone homestasis

A

The control of blood calcium levels to ensure proper blood clotting, nerve and muscle function

58
Q

What is hypocalaemia and what happens to counteract this?

A

when blood calcium levels are too low. When this happens Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood

59
Q

Hypercalcaemia and what happens to counteract this?

A

Blood calcium levels are too high. Increased osteobast activity (calcium back into the bone)

60
Q

What glands regulate calcium exchange?

A

Parathyroid ad thyroid

61
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases activity of osteoclasts
Stimulated kidneys to reabsorb and retain calcium
Increases formation of calcitriol which promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines

62
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Lowers blood calcium levels
Pushes calcium from the blood into bones
Activates osteoblasts

63
Q

What role does vitamin D play in the skeleton?

A

Vit D helps calcium absorption in the intestines to support bone turnover

64
Q

What does vitamin K2 do?

A

It activates a proteins in the body called osteocalcin which moves calcium from the blood into the bones

65
Q

The skeleton is divided into two types, what are they?

A

Axial and appendicular

66
Q

How many bones does the axial skeleton contain?

A

80

67
Q

What does the axial skelton do?

A

Protects the body’s most vital organs

67
Q

What does the axial skelton do?

A

Protects the body’s most vital organs

68
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

The bones supporting limbs

68
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

The bones supporting limbs

69
Q

What does the axial skelton include?

A

Skull, inner ear bones, hyoid, thoacic cage and vertebral column

70
Q

Where is the hyoid bone

A

In the neck and what our tongue is attached too

71
Q

What is the most superior skeletal part of the body

A

The skull

72
Q

What joins the skull together?

A

Sutures which are fibrous joints

73
Q

What are fontanelles and when do they ossify?

A

Fibrous sutures on a baby’s head joining the skull bones together, they ossify at 12-18 months old

74
Q

How many movable vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

24

75
Q

How many movable vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

24

76
Q

What are vertebral disks? How many parts do they have?

A

Shock absorbing structures which have 2 parts, annulus fibrosus and nucleus polpopus

77
Q

How many discs do we have in the spine?

A

23

78
Q

The thoracic cage and ribs consists of….how many pairs of ribs do we have?

A

The sternum. We have 12 ribs, 11 and 12 are ‘floating’

79
Q

How many bone in the appendicular structure and what does it include?

A

126 - shoulder girdle, arm and hand

Pelvic girdled, legs and feet

80
Q

Difference between Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Osteo is degenerative and Rheumatoid is an autoimmune disease

81
Q

Why is vitamin D important for bone health?

A

It helps to mineralize bone, pull the calcium from food and lay it onto our skeleton

82
Q

Define osteomyelitis?

A

Infection of the bone marrow

83
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

Pull something away, a tendon or ligament will pull on a bone and pull the bone off. Most common in the feet

84
Q

Fractures can be linear and transverse, what does this mean?

A

Along the bone or dissects across the bone

85
Q

Secondary vs Primary arthritis

A

Secondary: traumar e.g fractures, surgery, obesity
Primary: aging 80% of 65+ have signs

86
Q

What happens when the articular cartilage wears away?

A

Underlying bone is exposed, bone gets hard and glossy, remodelling of underlying bone i.e. thickening

Skeletal (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions