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Bones/cells/function Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 body planes

A

Coronal - separate front and back
Sagittal - cut straight down
Horizontal/transverse - cut top from bottom

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2
Q

Name some of the skeletons functions

A

Support, movement (joints), boundaries/protection (skull), hematopoiesis, triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow), mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium and phosphate), attachment

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3
Q

Ventral VS dorsal?

A

Front VS back

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4
Q

Name the types of bone cells

A

Osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, osteogenic

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5
Q

How many bones does the body have and what % of your body is the skeleton?

A

206 and 18%

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6
Q

What do the following support ribs/sternum, spine, cranium?

A

Lungs and heart
Spinal chord
Brain

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7
Q

What does haemaopoiesis mean?

A

Formation and development of blood cells from red bone marrow

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8
Q

Define osteoclasts:

A

Osteoclasts are lisosomal enzymes which dissolve/digest bone matrix.
Derived from up to 50 monocytes (WBCs)

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9
Q

What does resorption mean?

A

This is the breakdown of the bone matrix

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10
Q

What is the result of excess osteoclast activity?

A

Loss of bone density

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11
Q

Proximal VS distal

A

p=near the trunk

d=further from the trunk

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12
Q

Anterior (ventral) VS posterior (dorsal)

A 
A= near the front
P= near the back
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13
Q

Anterior is also known as

A

Ventral

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14
Q

Posterior also known as

A

Dorsal

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15
Q

Define Osteogenic cells

A

Bone stem cells that are the only bone cell to undergo division

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16
Q

Define osteoblasts and when they can be found where

A

Bone building cells and can be found at fracture sites, deep layers of periosteum, centers of ossification of immature bone

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17
Q

Define osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that do not divide. They monitor and maintain bone tissue

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18
Q

Define Osteoclasts

A

cells that break down bone, releasing calcium and phosphate. Giant cells with up to 50 nuclei from the fusion of many monocytes

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19
Q

What is resoprtion and why do we do it?

A

the break down of bone matrix in order to regerenate and replenish our skeleton

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20
Q

Osteoclast and osteoblast relationship

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to remodel bone throughout life. Excess osteoclast activity leads to loss of bone density

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21
Q

Name the 2 types of one in the body

A

compact and spongy

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22
Q

What % of our skeleton is compact bone

A

80%

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23
Q

Define compact bone

A

compact bone is found beneath the periosteum of all ones and makes up the bulk of diaphysis of long bones

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24
Q

Define an osteon

A

a structural unit of compact bone. Osteons tend to be aligned in the same lines as stress which differs per individual i.e. crawling or walking. Your skeleton reflects the physical demands we put it through

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25
What is diaphysis?
The shaft of a bone which is mainly compact bone
26
Why does our skeleton need constant remodeling?
to reflect the ohysical strain we put it through
27
Name the 4 parts of an osteon what what they do
Haversian : how we get blood in and out of compact bone, effective delivery of nutrients - center. Nerves and blood veddles Lamellae : concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen. Rings of bony matrix. Give strength Canaliculi : mini system of interconnected canals that provides a route for nutrients and waste to move through Lucanae : small spaced called lacunae with osteocytes
28
Is the skeleton living?
Yes, it is formed of lots of living components and minerals which contains bone marrow in certain areas. This is why blood circulation needs to be strong.
29
Define spongy bone
20% of our skeletal mass is spongy bone. Its two main functions are to produce red blood cells from red bone marrow
30
what is found in macroscopic spaces between trabeculae?
Bone marrow/blood vessels
31
Define the bone matrix
the bone matrix contains minerals (mainly calcium phosphate then magnesium, sulphate and potassium) that combine together and are deposited and crystalized in the framework formed by collagen which form the 'hardness' of bone
32
What type of tissue is bone?
Connective tissue that contains osteoblasts/genic/cytes/clasts.
33
What is the most abundant mineral in bone?
Calcium phosphate
34
Define long bones
Bones that have a greater length than width
35
What is the epiphyses?
2 heads on a bone
36
Where is spongy bone mostly found
In the epiphysis
37
Give 3 examples of long bones
Femur, tibia and humerus
38
define proximal epiphysis?
The proximal epiphysis is the end of the long bone closest to the center of the body
39
define epiphysis
The heads of the bone, proximal and distal end of long bones. It contains a thin outer region of compact bone covered by cartilage and inner spongy bone with red bone marrow
40
Define the epiphyseal plate
It is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length. Separating the diaphysis the allowing it to grow in length
41
define the diaphysis
the tubular shaft of long bones, the outer compact bone is covered by the periosteum. It contains a central medullary cavity that contains red/yellow bone marrow. ALL marrow starts off as red marrow
42
Can you turn yellow bone marrow into red?
Yes, to produce more red blood cells
43
Define the periosteum
A double layered membrane that surrounds the outside of bone when it is not covered by cartilage. It is a pain sensitive, highly vascular membrane that protects bone and serves as an attachment for ligaments and tendons. It enters
44
list 5 types of bone
Short - carpals (wrist) metacarpals (ankle) - little movement Flat - sternum, ribs, most skull bones - protective/supportive irregular - vertebrae, some skull bones protective/supportive Sesamoid (sesame seed shape) - patella Long - femur, tibia, fibula - majority of movement
45
What do short, sesamoid, flat and irregular bone types all have in common
No shafts or extremities and are diverse in shape and size
46
What does the musculoskeletal system releaase to achieve homeostasis when needed?
Calcium phosphaste
47
Red bone marrow is the bodies production center for....?
Red blood cells
48
How are muscles connected to bones?
By tendons
49
what holds bones together
Ligaments
50
Bones articulate through each other by?
Joints
51
What does cartilage do?
It provides padding between bones for the ends of joints
52
What is the bone matrix made up of?
1/3 - organic proteins i.e. collagen to provide flexibility | 2/3 - inorganic minerals, mainly calcium to provide stiffness
53
what does a medullary canal contain?
Fatty yellow bone marrow
54
What are long bones covered in?
by the periostium. 2x layers - 1x outter tough and fibrous layer and 1x inner layer with osteoblasts and osteoclasts
55
Which part of the bone has its own blood supply?
Epiphyses
56
How are osteocytes nourished?
By tissue fluid in the canaliculi which radiates from the center canals
57
Bone homestasis
The control of blood calcium levels to ensure proper blood clotting, nerve and muscle function
58
What is hypocalaemia and what happens to counteract this?
when blood calcium levels are too low. When this happens Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood
59
Hypercalcaemia and what happens to counteract this?
Blood calcium levels are too high. Increased osteobast activity (calcium back into the bone)
60
What glands regulate calcium exchange?
Parathyroid ad thyroid
61
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
Increases activity of osteoclasts Stimulated kidneys to reabsorb and retain calcium Increases formation of calcitriol which promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines
62
What does calcitonin do?
Lowers blood calcium levels Pushes calcium from the blood into bones Activates osteoblasts
63
What role does vitamin D play in the skeleton?
Vit D helps calcium absorption in the intestines to support bone turnover
64
What does vitamin K2 do?
It activates a proteins in the body called osteocalcin which moves calcium from the blood into the bones
65
The skeleton is divided into two types, what are they?
Axial and appendicular
66
How many bones does the axial skeleton contain?
80
67
What does the axial skelton do?
Protects the body's most vital organs
67
What does the axial skelton do?
Protects the body's most vital organs
68
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
The bones supporting limbs
68
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
The bones supporting limbs
69
What does the axial skelton include?
Skull, inner ear bones, hyoid, thoacic cage and vertebral column
70
Where is the hyoid bone
In the neck and what our tongue is attached too
71
What is the most superior skeletal part of the body
The skull
72
What joins the skull together?
Sutures which are fibrous joints
73
What are fontanelles and when do they ossify?
Fibrous sutures on a baby's head joining the skull bones together, they ossify at 12-18 months old
74
How many movable vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
24
75
How many movable vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
24
76
What are vertebral disks? How many parts do they have?
Shock absorbing structures which have 2 parts, annulus fibrosus and nucleus polpopus
77
How many discs do we have in the spine?
23
78
The thoracic cage and ribs consists of....how many pairs of ribs do we have?
The sternum. We have 12 ribs, 11 and 12 are 'floating'
79
How many bone in the appendicular structure and what does it include?
126 - shoulder girdle, arm and hand | Pelvic girdled, legs and feet
80
Difference between Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Osteo is degenerative and Rheumatoid is an autoimmune disease
81
Why is vitamin D important for bone health?
It helps to mineralize bone, pull the calcium from food and lay it onto our skeleton
82
Define osteomyelitis?
Infection of the bone marrow
83
Avulsion fracture
Pull something away, a tendon or ligament will pull on a bone and pull the bone off. Most common in the feet
84
Fractures can be linear and transverse, what does this mean?
Along the bone or dissects across the bone
85
Secondary vs Primary arthritis
Secondary: traumar e.g fractures, surgery, obesity Primary: aging 80% of 65+ have signs
86
What happens when the articular cartilage wears away?
Underlying bone is exposed, bone gets hard and glossy, remodelling of underlying bone i.e. thickening

Skeletal (1 decks)

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