Bones, Bodies, and Brains Exam 1

Question 1

reacts in/by rest, veg, digestion

Answer 1

parasympathetic

Question 2

force/area

Answer 2

stress

Question 3

reacts in/by fight or flight

Answer 3

sympathetic

Question 4

anapsid(no temporal fenestra), synapsid(one temporal fenestra), diapsid(two temporal fenestras)

Answer 4

amniote skull forms

Question 5

weight and structural support, air breathing, desiccation

Answer 5

challenges tetrapod’s faced when they first ventured to land

Question 6

have a notochord and myotomes(muscle segments). all vertebrates fall into this group (ex: lancets and sea squirts)

Answer 6

chordate

Question 7

animals with backbones (vertebrae)

Answer 7

vertebraes

Question 8

fish with jaws. jaws evolved to increase the intake of oxygenated water and for prey/predation (ex: lungfish)

Answer 8

gnathostomes

Question 8

jawless fish (ex: hagfish and lampreys)

Answer 8

agnathans

Question 9

a synapsid vertebrae that is considered an ancestor of mammals

Answer 9

therapsids

Question 10

ray-finned fishes

Answer 10

actinopterygii

Question 11

cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage (shark)

Answer 11

chondrichthyes

Question 12

arose at the end of the paleozoic and early mesozoic, ancestral to modern mammals, the most derived group of therapsids, dentition differentiated into incisors and canine:post canines with accessory capsules

Answer 12

cynodontia

Question 13

bony fish

Answer 13

osteichthyes

Question 14

lobe-finned fish

Answer 14

sarcopterygii

Question 15

member of clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo: mammals, birds, reptiles

Answer 15

amniotes

Question 16

have hair, warm-blooded, mammary glands, and a more complex brain

Answer 16

major characteristics of mammals

Question 17

animals (vertebraes) with four limbs

Answer 17

tetrapods

Question 18

ectoderm

Answer 18

embryological origin of the brain and spinal cord

Question 19

mesoderm

Answer 19

embryological origin of muscles of mastication

Question 20

mesoderm

Answer 20

embryological origin of the FEMUR

Question 21

mesoderm

Answer 21

embryological origin of heart tissue

Question 22

endoderm

Answer 22

embryological origin of the inner lining of the gut

Question 23

a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord

Answer 23

spinal nerve

Question 24

somites also determine the migratory paths of cells and the axons of the spinal nerves

Answer 24

spinal nerve in relations with somites

Question 25

send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes

Answer 25

functional parts of the nervous system that are in the spinal cord

Question 26

made up of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 26

central nervous system

Question 27

made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

Answer 27

peripheral nervous system

Question 28

involuntary responses to stimuli

Answer 28

autonomic

Question 29

voluntary responses to stimuli

Answer 29

somatic

Question 30

two types of bone growth

Answer 30

intramembranous and endochondral

Question 31

“inside the brain” (found almost exclusively in the head), bone sandwich: compact, spongy (ex: most bones in face, clavicle)

Answer 31

intramembranous

Question 32

“inside cartilage” (cartilage in bones)m, compact bone forms first at ossification site, then spongy bone forms at second ossification site, bone then keeps growing into a longer bone during adolescence (ex: femur, tibia, metacarpals)

Answer 32

endochondral

Question 33

has synovial fluid, joint capsule, and hyaline cartilage

Answer 33

synovial joints

Question 34

movement around 1 axes, flexion/extension (ex: elbow)

Answer 34

hinge joint

Question 35

limit movement around 1 axes: rotation (ex: head)

Answer 35

pivot joint

Question 36

movement around 2 axes (ex: wrist and thumb)

Answer 36

condylar joint

Question 37

limited movement around 2 axes: between metacarpal bones (ex: tarsals in foot)

Answer 37

planar joint

Question 38

movement around 2 axes: most mobile (ex: shoulder)

Answer 38

ball and socket joint

Question 39

no joint capsule

Answer 39

non synovial joint

Question 40

sacromere shortens

Answer 40

muscles contracting

Question 41

sacromere lengthens

Answer 41

muscles relax

Question 42

a force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction with another object whereas stress is an internal resistance to provide the body itself whenever it is under some kind of deformation

Answer 42

difference between force and stress

Question 43

fulcrum in the middle (ex: seesaw, head)

Answer 43

1st class lever

Question 44

fulcrum at the end, load in middle, force on end (ex: tip-toes [force is achilles pulling up load is gravity])

Answer 44

2nd class lever

Question 45

fulcrum at the end, load on end, force in middle (ex: barbeque tongs, forearm)

Answer 45

3rd class lever

Question 46

when one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body

Answer 46

newton’s third law of motion: equilibrium

Question 47

occurs each time a muscle pulls on a bone

Answer 47

bone stress (during normal loading)

Question 48

refers to a cone’s intrinsic stiffness (ability to resist deformation): elastic modulus

Answer 48

normal loading