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Musculoskeletal > Bones and Soft tissue Intro > Flashcards

Bones and Soft tissue Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle, Upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle

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2
Q

What composes the Axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, vertebral column, rib cage

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support

Protection

Movement

Mineral storage

Produces blood cells

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4
Q

How do bones develop in utero?

A

Flat bones are formed through intramembranous ossification ( mesenchymal cells –> bone ) as well as mandible, clavicle

Long bones are formed by endochondral ossification
( mesenchymal cells –> cartilage –> bone )

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5
Q

Ossification:

(a) of mesenchymal cells then differentiate into (b) and ossification centre forms.

Secreted (c) traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes

(d) and (e) form

Compact bone develops superficial to (f) bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow.

A 
a - Condensation
b - Osteoblasts
c - osteoid 
d - trabecular matrix
e - periosteum form
f - cancellous
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6
Q

Intramembranous Ossification:

(a) of mesenchymal cells then differentiate into (b) and ossification centre forms.

Secreted (c) traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes

(d) and (e) form

Compact bone develops superficial to (f) bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow.

A 
a - Condensation
b - Osteoblasts
c - osteoid 
d - trabecular matrix
e - periosteum form
f - cancellous
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7
Q

Endochondral Ossification:

(a) forms a ring of perichondria around itself as a cartilage matrix. This becomes (b) forming the (c) containing an artery.

At the end of the long bone a (d) forms.

A

a - Hyaline cartilage
b - Calcified
c - Primary Ossification centre
d - Secondary Ossification centre

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of Endochondral Ossification?

A

Bone collar formation

Cavitation

Periosteal Bud invasion

Diaphysis Elongation

Epiphyseal Ossification

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9
Q

What is the Epiphyseal plate?

A

Junction between primary and secondary ossification centres

It is where the growth of bones happens after birth

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10
Q

What is a Osteogenic cell?

A

Bone stem cell

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11
Q

What is a Osteoblast cell?

A

Bone forming cell
secretes ‘osteoid’
catalyse mineralisation of osteoid

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12
Q

What is a Osteocyte cell?

A

Mature bone cell
When osteoblast has is imbedded in its secretions

Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

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13
Q

What is a Osteoclast cell?

A

Bone breaking
Dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis
Derived from bone marrow

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14
Q

Where are Osteogenic cells found?

A

Deep layers of periosteum

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15
Q

Where are Osteoblasts found?

A

Growing portions of bone - periosteum and endosteum

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16
Q

Where are Osteocytes cells found?

A

Entrapped in matrix

17
Q

Where are Osteoclast cells found?

A

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

18
Q

What composes the organic component of Bone matrix? (40%)

A

Type 1 Collagen ( 90% )

Ground substance ( 10% ) = Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, Cytokine and growth factors

19
Q

What composes the inorganic component of Bone matrix? (60%)

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Osteocalcium Phosphate

20
Q

What are the characteristics of immature bone?

A

Laid down in a woven manner so is quite weak

Later mineralised and replaced by mature bone

21
Q

What are the characteristics of mature bone and what types are there?

A

-Minersalized woven bone and have lamellar structure increases strength

  • Corticol mature bone can bear weight
  • Cancellous mature bone cannot bear weight
22
Q

What are the characteristics of Cancellous bone and how does it differ from corticol bone?

A

Both found in flat bones of femur and skull

Cortical is the tough shell like bone on the outside. Made of Osteons.

Cancellous bones are light, inside flat bone and have airspaces.

23
Q

What is a Osteon?

A

Unit of bone ( found in compact bone )

24
Q

How are Osteon’s organised?

A

Repeated structural units, concentri lamellae around a central haversian canal : which contains blood vessels, nerves and lympathics

25
Q

What is Lacunae and Volkmans canal?

A

( both a part of compact bone Osteon structure)

Lacunae : small spaces with osteocytes. Tiny canalculi radiate from lacunae filled with extracellular fluid

Volkman’s canal : transverse performating canal

  • Youtube video linked ppt slide 20
26
Q

What is the structure of long bone?

A

connective tissue surrounding called periosteum

Outer cortex: compact bone

Cancellous bone

Medullary cavity: contains yellow bone marrow

Nutrient Artery

Articular cartilage: on surface of bone at a joint only * articular cartilage is HYALINE cartilage on articular surfaces

  • use ppt diagram slide 21
27
Q

What two types of bone growth are there?

A

Interstitial and Appositional

28
Q

What is Interstitial growth?

A

Long bone lengthening

Occurs as physeal plate

Epiphyseal side - hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix

Diaphyseal side - cartilage calcifies and dies and then replaced by bone

29
Q

What is Appositional growth?

A

bone increasing beneath the peristeum to increase thickness

ridges in periosteum create groove for new blood vessel
ridges fuse to form endosteum lined tunnels

Osteoblats build new amellae inward toward tunnel forming new osteon

So bone grows outwards as osteoblast sin peristeum build new cirumferential lamellae.
Osteon formation repeats as new ridges fold over blood vessel

30
Q

How does does bone 🦴 relate to calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite is used in bone for structural support

Calcitriol and PTH ( and calcitonin ) effects calcium deppositoin and removal.

  • Increase Ca in blood : calcitonin increase = osteoclast inhibition, more osteoblast activity.
  • Decrease Ca in blood : PTH causes Osteoclasts to release Ca from bone
31
Q

How to classify joints?

A

Fibrous - sutures, sundesmosis, interosseous membrane

Cartilaginous -Synchodorses e.g. spine
Symphyses e.g. pubic

Synovial - Plane, Hinge, Condyloidm pivot, saddle, ball and socket

32
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A

Most common and allows most mobility

The joint capsule : Articular capsule on outside - keeps bone together and allow low friction
Synovial membrane on inside - contains synovial fluid

It is secreted into synovial cavity to reduce friction

33
Q

What is the difference between the hinge joint and ball and socket?

A

Hinge ( ankle, elbow ) - can work in one plane

Ball and socket ( hip ) can move in 3 planes - x, y, z

34
Q

What do Ligaments do?

A

Joint stability:
Between bones - prevent excessive movement
More ad tighter ligaments - good stability but less mobility or vice versa

Poor stability can cause risk of dislocation
Stress to ligament can cause injury

*muscular tone and joint capsule type also has effect

35
Q

What can excessive ligament laxity cause?

A

Hypermobility - greater risk of injury

Musculoskeletal (4 decks)

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