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BIO 201 > Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of Skeletal Cartilages

A
  • High water content
  • no nerve or blood vessels
  • outer connective tissue
    - Dense irregular CT
    - contains blood vessels
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2
Q

Skeletal Cartilage-Hyaline

A
  • provide support, flexibility, and resilience
  • most abundant type
  • matrix contains chondroitin
  • locations: articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilages
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3
Q

Skeletal Cartilage-Elastic

A
  • similar to hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers

- Locations: outer ear &epiglottis

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4
Q

Skeletal Cartilages-fibrocartilage

A
  • collagen fibers (tensile strength)

- Locations: intervertebral disc, menisci in knee, pubic symphysis

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5
Q

Appositional Growth

A
  • from the outside

- cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

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6
Q

Interstitial Growth

A
  • from the inside

- Chondreocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

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7
Q

Calcification of cartilage

A
  • normal bone growth

- old age

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

from within tendons

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9
Q

Sutural bones

A

individual variations `

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10
Q

Two main groups of Skeleton

A
  • Axial

- Appendicular

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11
Q

Bone Type-Long Bones

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Act as levers for movement
  • Ex: femur, radius, phalanges
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12
Q

Bone Type-Short Bones

A
  • Length is equal to width
  • Cube-shaped bones (wrist and ankle)
  • Sesamoid bones (within tendons)
  • Ex: carpals &tarsals
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13
Q

Bone Type-Flat Bones

A
  • Thin, flat, slightly curved
  • Form an enclosure & protect
  • Ex: cranium. scapulae
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14
Q

Bone Type- Irregular Bones

A
  • Complicated shapes

- Ex: vertebae, certain skull bones

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15
Q

Function of Bones

A
  • Support: for body and soft organs
  • Protection: For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
  • Movement: Levers for muscle action
  • Storage: Minerals and growth factors
  • Blood cell formation: hematopoiesis in marrow cavities
  • Triglyceride storage: energy storage in bone cavities
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16
Q

Gross Anatomy- Bone Markings

A
  • Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as
    • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
    • Joint surfaces
    • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
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17
Q

Bone Marking-Procetions

A

Sites of muscle and ligament attachment

  • Tuberosity:rounded projection
  • Crest: narrow, prominent ridge
  • Trochanter: large, blunt, irregular surface
  • Line: narrow ridge of bone
  • Tubercle: small round projection
  • Epicondyle: raised area above a condyle
  • Spine: sharp, slender projection
  • Process: any bony prominence
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18
Q

Bone Marking- Projections

A

Projections that help form joints

  • Head: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
  • Facet: Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
  • Condyle: Rounded articular projection
  • Ramus: armlike bar
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19
Q

Bone Markings-Depressions and Openings

A
  • Meatus: Canal-like passageway
  • Sinus: Cavity within a bone
  • Fossa: Shallow, basinlike depression
  • Groove: Furrow
  • Fissure: Narrow, slitlike opening
  • Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone
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20
Q

Bone Textures

A
  • Compact bone:Dense outer layer

- Spongy (cancellous) bone: Honeycomb of trabeculae like a dried out sponge

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21
Q

Structure of a Long Bone

A
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
    • Compact bone collar surrounds medullary cavity
    • Medullary cavity in adults contains fat
  • Epihyses
    • Expanded ends
    • Spongy bone interior
    • Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)
    • Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces
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22
Q

Membranes of Bone

A
  • Periosteum
    - Outer fibrous layer
    - Inner osteogenic layer
    - Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
    - Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
    - Osteogenic cells (stem cells)
    - Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
    - Secured to underlying bone by perforating fibers
  • Endosteum
    - Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone
    - Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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23
Q

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

A
  • Periosteum: covered compact bone on the outside
  • Endosteum: covered spongy bone within
  • Spongy bone called diploe in flat bones
  • Bone marrow between the trabeculae
24
Q

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)

A
  • Red marrow cavities of adults
    • Trabecular cavities of heads of the femur and humerus
    • Trabecular cavities of the diploe of flat bones
  • Red marrow of newborn infants
    • Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone
  • hematopoietic refers to hematpopoiesis
25
Q

Bone Marrow Summary

A
  • soft tissue in medullary cavity of long bones, trabeculae of spongy bones, and large haversian canals
  • 3 kinds
    • red
    • yellow
    • gelatinous
26
Q

Red Marrow

A
  • in-child: found in most bones
  • hemopoietic: make blood cells
  • a.k.a. myeloid tissue
  • only in axial skeleton and proximal heads of femur and humerus in adults
27
Q

Yellow Marrow

A
  • in adult: shafts of long bones
  • arises from red marrow of child’s bones
  • contains fat
  • no longer hemopoietic, but can revert
28
Q

Gelatinous Marrow

A
  • reddish, jellylike tissue
  • in geriatic adult only
  • fat mostly gone
29
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

A
  • Cells of Bones
    • Osteogenic cells: stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
    • Osteoblasts: bone forming cells. Make matrix proteins, lay down calcium in matrix
    • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells. Maintenance function.
    • Osteoclasts: Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix
30
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

A
  1. Compact Bone
    • Osteon: structural unit
      • Lamellae
      • Weight bearing
      • Column like matrix tubes
    • Central (Haversian) canal
      • Contains blood vessels and nerves
      • Perforating canals
    • At right angles to the central canal
    • Blood vessels within connect blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum to those of the central canals
      • Lacunae
    • Small cavities that contain osteocytes
      • Canaliculi
    • harilike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

nutrients: central canal-inner-outer osteocytes
wastes: outer- inner osteocytes-central canal

31
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

A
  1. Spongy Bone
    • Trabeculae
      - Align along lines of stress
      - No osteons
      - Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
      - Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
32
Q

Chemical Composition of Bone/Organic

A
  1. Cells: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
  2. Matrix: osteoid-organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
    • ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)
  3. Collagen fibers:provide tensile strength and fleixibility
33
Q

Chemical Composition of Bone/Inorganic

A
  • Hydroxyapatites(mineral salts)
    • 65% of bone by mass
    • Mainly calcium phosphate crystals
    • Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
34
Q

Bone Development

A
  • Osteogenesis
  • Formation of the bony skeleton
    • Intramembranous ossification
    • Endochondral ossification
  • Postnatal bone growth
35
Q

Osteogenesis

A
  • A.K.A.- ossification-bone tissue formation
  • Stages:
    • Bone formation: begins in the 2nd month of embryonic development
    • Postnatal bone growth: until early adulthood
    • Bone remodeling and repair-lifelong
36
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • Bone develops from fibrous membrane

- Forms most flat bones: clavicle and cranial bones

37
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
  • Forms the rest of the skeleton
38
Q

Steps to Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
  2. Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
  3. Woven bone and periosteum form
  4. Lamellar bone and replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears
39
Q

Steps to Endochondrial Ossification

A
  1. Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model
  2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
  3. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
  4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
  5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.
40
Q

Mineral deposition

A
  • Calcium and Phosphate from blood to bone
  • Steps
    • osteoblasts-collagen fibers
    • collagen fibers provide surfaces for Calcium and Phosphate to precipitate around
    • Osteoblasts lay down the “cement” (hydroxyapatite-calcium phosphate)
41
Q

Postnatal bone growth

A
  • Intersitial growth
    - Increase length of long bones
  • Appositional growth
    - Increase in thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces
42
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones:

  - Zone of cell proliferation: cartilage cells undergo mitosis
 - Hypertrophic zone: Older cartilage cells enlarge
 - Calcification zone: Matrix becomes calcified ; cartilage cell dies; matrix begins deteriorating
 - Ossification zone: new bone formation is occuring
43
Q

Achondroplastic dwarfism

A

-Genetic disorder: premature cessation of cell divisions in the growing ends of bone

44
Q

Growth in the thickness of long bones

A
  • Appositional done by
    • osteoblasts on the sruface, increase thickness
    • osteoblasts in the inferior, increase medullary space
45
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth

A
  • Growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
  • Thyroid hormone modulates activity of growth hormone
  • Testosterone and estrogens (at puberty)
    - promote adolescent grwoth spurts
    - end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
46
Q

Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium

A
  • Calcium is necessary for
    • Transmission of nerve impulses
    • Muscle Contraction
    • Blood caogulation
    • Secretion by glands and nerve cells
    • Cell division
47
Q

Calcitonin

A

A hormone secrete by thyroid to lower blood calcium levels

  • osteclasts ar inhibited (lowered)
  • osteoclasts are stimulated (highered)
48
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

released by parathyroid glands to raise blood clacium levels

- osteocyte & osteoclast stimulation
- stop excretion of calcium
- activates vitamin D synthesis- increase Ca absorption by intestine
49
Q

Role of Vitamin D

A
  • considered a hormone
  • made by combined actions of skin, liver, and kidneys
  • active form a calcitriol
  • function: elevates (concentration of calcium in the blood) so that it can be deposited
50
Q

Remodeling of Bone: Deposit

A

-Bone deposit: occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed. requires a diet rich in protein, vitamin C, D, and A. calcium; phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese

51
Q

Remodeling of Bone: resorption

A

Osteoclasts secrete
-Lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix)
-Acids (convert calcium salts into soluble forms)
Dissolved matrix is transported across the tissues and enters blood

52
Q

Remodeling of Bone: Control

A

What controls continual remodeling of bone?

  • Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood
  • Mechanical and gravitational forces
    - Ex: braces on teeth, physical excercise
53
Q

Repair of Bone: Stages

A
  • Hematoma forms
  • Soft callus forms (fibrocartilagenous)
  • Soft callus converts to hard callus (spongy bone)
  • Bone remodeling re-shapes bone
54
Q

Importance of a Hematoma in Bone Repair

A
  • It sets the stage for healing
  • Torn blood vessels hemorhhage
  • Clot forms
  • Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflammed
55
Q

Repair Stages of Bone

A
  1. A hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
56
Q

Classification of Bone Fractures

A
  • Bone fractures may be classified by four “either/or” classifications
    1. Position of bone ends after fracture
    • Nondisplaced: ends retain normal position
    • Displaced: ends out of normal alignment
      2. Completeness of the break
    • Complete: broken all the way through
    • Incomplete: not broken all the way through
      3. Orientation of the break to the long area of the bone
    • Linear: parallel to long axis of the bone
    • Transverse: perpendicular to the long axis of bone
      4. Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin
      • Compound (open): bone ends penetrate the skin
      • Simple (closed): bone ends do not penetrate the skin
57
Q

Developmental Aspects of Bones

A
  • Nearly all bones completely ossified by age 25
  • Bone mass decreases with age beginning in 4th decade
  • Rate of loss determined by gentics and evironmental factors
  • In old age, bone resorption predominates

BIO 201 (2 decks)

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