Bones and scales

Question 1

Placoid

Answer 1

Chondrichthyes
Like little teeth on surface of skin
Individual scales do not get bigger. More dentacles just start filling in gaps

Question 2

Cosmoid

Answer 2

Sarcopterygii
Lung fishes/sea lamprey

Question 3

Ganoid

Answer 3

Basal Actinopterygii
Good as a protective mechanism
Heavily armored, less flexible

Question 4

Cycloid

Answer 4

Teleostei
Rings that form, like otoliths
Exposed portion is smooth

Question 5

Ctenoid

Answer 5

Teleostei
Compositionally similar to cycloid but have small projections that are anteriorally directed

Question 6

Red muscle

Answer 6

High-efficiency, sustained swimming
Highly vascularized

Question 7

White muscle

Answer 7

Low-efficiency
Poorly vascularized

Question 8

Physostomous gas bladder

Answer 8

Direct connection between digestive tract
Found in minnows, goldfishes

Question 9

Physoclistous gas bladder

Answer 9

Completely cut off from digestive tract
Adds or remove oxygen through interaction with circulatory system
Slower
More common in deep sea fish

Question 10

Rete mirabile

Answer 10

A type of organizational tissue in the body
A countercurrent exchange
Passive diffusion gradient

Question 12

Gas bladder inflation/deflation

Answer 12

Gas bladder is completely impermeable, because of its guanine lining
Rete mirabile maintains gas volume
Lactic acid is produced by the gas bladder
High acidity causes hemoglobin to release oxygen
Oxygen diffuses into gas bladder