bones and movement - finish on laptop

Question 1

axial skeleton -

Answer 1

80 bones

protection of internal organs

Question 2

appendicular skeleton -

Answer 2

126 bones
appendages and supporting bones
movement

Question 3

how many bones in the body:

Answer 3

206

Question 4

types of bones:

Answer 4

Late 
Students
Fail 
In
Summer 

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones 
Irregular bones 
Sesamoid bones

Question 5

Long bones -

Answer 5

e.g. humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, fingers

• long shaft
• two articular surfaces
• mostly compact bone

Question 6

Short bones -

Answer 6

e.g. trapezoid, wrist, ankle

• cube shaped
• thin layer of compact bone with spongy centre

Question 7

Flat bones -

Answer 7

e. g. skull, sternum

- parallel layers of compact bone and spongy centre

Question 8

Sesamoid bones -

Answer 8

e. g. patella

- bones embedded in tendon or muscle

Question 9

red bone marrow =

Answer 9

production of RBC, platelets, most WBC

Question 10

yellow bone marrow =

Answer 10

higher fat content

production of some WBC

Question 11

at birth…

Answer 11

all bone marrow is red but with age there is a conversion of red to yellow marrow

Question 12

in an adult…

Answer 12

50% of bone marrow is red - mainly flat bones and spongy proximal ends of femur and humerus

Question 13

marrow adipocytes -

Answer 13

high levels of yellow marrow

• can restrict haemopoiesis and osteoblast activity
• marrow adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ to increase serum adiponectin (also released from fat)
• adiponectin = detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular effects

Question 14

magnetic resonance imaging of vertebral marrow shows -

Answer 14

exercise lowers vertebral fat fractions

exercise helps prevent the loss of re bone marrow (= less yellow marrrow)

Question 15

80% of the skeleton is…

Answer 15

compact (cortical) bone

Question 16

20% of the skeleton is…

Answer 16

spongy (trabecular) bone

• light, resists stress, transfers force, supports and protects red bone marrow

Question 17

extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone:

Answer 17

25% water
25% collagen fibres - provides flexibility (less brittle = allows absorption of shock)
50% crystallised mineral salts - provides hardness

Question 18

calcification -

Answer 18

crydstalised mineral salt deposits (calcium phosphate and calium carbonate) in framework formed by collagen fibres - provide hardness

Question 19

osteogenic cells =

Answer 19

located in inner periosteum, endosteum, bone canals with blood vessels

cells divide to form osteoblasts

Question 20

osteoblasts =

Answer 20

bone building cells
secret collagen for ECM
initiate calcification

become trapped in ECM and become osteocytes

Question 21

osteocytes =

Answer 21

mature cells -

maintain metabolism
exchange nutrients and waste with blood

Question 22

osteoclasts=

Answer 22

large cell formed from fusion of many monocytes

release enzymes and acids to break down ECM (break down bone - used in repair of damaged bones)

Question 23

movement…

Answer 23

the appendicular skeleton - bones of limbs and girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton

movement relies on joints

Question 24

fibrous joints =

Answer 24

bones joined by fibrous connective tissue consisting of collagen fibres

immovable/fixed

e.g. skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures

Question 25

cartilaginous joints =

Answer 25

bones held together by cartilage

no synovial cavity = little/ no movement

e.g. pubic symphysis

Question 26

synovial joints =

Answer 26

bones held together by connective tissue and often by ligaments

synovial joints are surrounded by a articular capsule

allow movement

Question 27

articular capsule =

Answer 27

surrounds synovial joints

synovial fluid provides lubrication for movemnt

reduces friction and shock

Question 28

effect of warming up on synovial joints:

Answer 28

encourages production and secretion of synivoal fluid = less stress on joints

Question 29

ligments =

Answer 29

join bone to bone

Question 30

tendons =

Answer 30

join muscle to bone