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MD2002 Pt2 > Bones and joints of lower limb > Flashcards

Bones and joints of lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Hip bones (Ilium, ischium,pubis), sacrum and coccyx

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2
Q

Name the roles of the pelvic girdle

A

Attaches lower limb to the axial skeleton,
Transfers body weight to the lower limbs,
provides a rigid complete ring for weight bearing and childbirth,
supports pelvic organs,
provides muscle attachment for limb movement.
provides gateways for neurovascular structures

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3
Q

What is the hip bone?

A

Ilium, Ischium and pubic bones fused.
tri-radiate cartilage between bones - ossifies by late teens

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4
Q

where do the hip bones articulate with each other?

A

At the pubic symphysis

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5
Q

What is the ASIS

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

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6
Q

How are the locations of the ASIS, pubic tubercle and pubic crest related?

A

same coronal plane

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7
Q

what level is the highest point of the iliac crest?

A

L4 Spinous process or L4/L5 disc

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8
Q

Describe the pubic symphisis

A

Secondary cartilaginous / fibrocartilage joint
supported by superior and arcuate ligaments
with a disc between articular surfaces

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9
Q

Describe the Sacro-iliac joint

A

Synovial Anteriorly, Fibrous posteriorly
Iliolumbar Ligament
Extremely limited movement

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10
Q

How does body weight want to rotate the spine?

A

S1 downwards and S4 upwards

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11
Q

what ligaments prevent the sacrum from tilting forward?

A

Sacrospinous and Sacrotuberus

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12
Q

What do the sacrospinous and sacrotuberus ligaments do?

A
  • support sacro-iliac joint
  • convert sciatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramina for the passage of nerves and vessels
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13
Q

what do gateways do?

A

transmit neurovascular bundles

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14
Q

Greater sciatic foramen

A

-Sciatic
-Gluteal
-Pudenal

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15
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen

A

Pudenal

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16
Q

Obturator Foramen

A

Obturator

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17
Q

Femoral ring

A

femoral

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18
Q

Hip joint

A

-Ball and socket
- synovial
- very stable, limited mobility

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19
Q

Main landmarks of the Acetabulum

A
  • Acetabular rim
  • Lunate surface
  • Acetabular notch
  • Acetabular fossa
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20
Q

Main landmarks of head of femur

A
  • Intertrochanteric crest
  • intertrochanteric line
  • head of femur
  • fovea of femur
  • neck of femur
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
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21
Q

features of the Acetabulum

A
  • Deep socket, weight bearing, stable
  • Cartilage over lunate surface
  • Rim is raised by acetabular labrum
  • Labrum bridges over acetabular notch as the transverse acetabular ligament
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22
Q

Features of Femur

A
  • covered by hyaline cartilage
  • except for the fovea of HOF
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23
Q

Hip joint - joint capsule

A
  • Attached to acetabular rim, transverse acetabular ligament, intertrochanteric line and neck of femur
  • Synovial membrane covers everything except the articular cartilage and forms a sleeve around the ligament of the head of femur
    -synovial layers of capsule sends reticular fibres medially along femoral neck towards head
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24
Q

how to hip joints ligaments work?

A

All capsular ligaments of the hip joint spiral around the joint and attach to femur so they are taut in extension

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25
what is the role of the hip joint ligaments ?
- prevent hyper-extension - stabilise the joint - save energy during standing
26
Zona orbicularis
deep fibres of fibrous capsule wind circularly around neck and form Zona Orbicularis
27
ligament of the head of the femur
ligamentum teres caput femoris
28
Capsular ligaments
- Iliofemoral - Pubofemoral - Ischiofemoral
29
Iliofemoral
- prevents hyper-extension of hip -Strongest
30
Pubofemoral
- Prevents hyper-abduction of hip joint - tightens during abduction and extension of hip
31
Ischiofemoral
- Prevents excessive internal rotation - Weakest
32
Knee joint
largest and one of most complex joints - free movement in one plane only - joint stability and weightbearing
33
Knee shares Common characteristics of all hinge joints
- Articular surfaces are reciprocally shaped - they have strong collateral ligaments - muscles are grouped at sides of joint where they do not interfere with movement
34
Distal femur
- medial condyle and epicondyle - lateral condyle and epicondyle - patellar surface - popliteal surface - intercondylar fossa
35
patella
- Base of patella - Apex of patella - lateral articular surface
36
proximal tibia and fibula
- Lateral condyle - medial condyle - intercondylar tubercles/eminence - tibial tuberosity - anterior intercondylar region - posterior intercondylar region - medial and lateral tibial plateaus - intercondylar eminence
37
anatomy of knee joint
- Suprapatellar bursa - medial femoral condyle - lateral femoral condyle - proximal tibiofibular joint - tibial tubercle
38
Knee capsule
- fibrous capsule - attaches to articular margins - incomplete anteriorly - lined by synovial membrane
39
Knee capsule anterior
- anteriorly, knee capsule replaced by quadriceps tendon (patellar ligament), patellar and fat pads on either side of patellar ligament - reinforced by iliotibial tract and patellar retinacula from quadriceps
40
Knee fibrous capsule is reinforced posteriorly by what ligaments?
- oblique popliteal ligament (expansion of semimembranosus muscle) - arcuate popliteal ligament
41
there is an opening in the knee capsule for which tendon?
tendon of popliteus
42
name the 5 bursae which communicate with the articular cavity of the knee joint
- Suprapatellar bursa - popliteal bursa - anserine bursa (pes bursa) - gastrocnemius bursa - infra patellar bursa D&S
43
Lateral collateral ligament
-Fibular - strong cord from lateral femoral epicondyle to head of fibula - prevents adduction of leg - tendon of popliteus is between this ligament and capsule
44
Medial collateral ligament
- Tibial - broad, flat band from medial femoral epicondlyle to tibial condyle - Fused to joint capsule and medical meniscus - prevents abduction of leg
45
injuries to collateral ligaments
more common in MCL + meniscus than LCl
46
Menisci
- two crescent shaped fibrocartilage - Medial and Lateral meniscus - horns are attached to intercondylar areas of tibial plateau - inner 2/3 avascular, outer 1/3 partially vascular - increase congruence of articular surfaces - dissipate forces/ stress on articular surfaces - absorb shock and reduce friction - proprioception - participate in locking of the knees
47
how are the menisci interconnected?
anteriorly by the transverse ligament of the knee
48
medial meniscus
attached around its margin to the joint capsule and to the Medical collateral ligament
49
Lateral meniscus
attached to joint capsule but not to the lateral collateral ligament
50
What ligaments extend from the posterior horn of lateral meniscus to medial condyle of femur?
Meniscofemoral ligaments
51
Cruciate ligaments
-Anterior cruciate ligament - prevents anterior movement of tibia and hyperextensions - prevents posterior movement of tibia - act as plot for rotatory movements between bones
52
How to check for ACL/ PCL damage
anterior/posterior Drawer sign
53
Collodiaphysial angles
angle at head of femur normal 120-135 degrees - angle between the long axes of the neck and shaft of the femur - wider in children
54
Q angle
angle between anatomical axis of femur and tibia
55
distal tibia and fibula - Ankle joint
-Fibular notch -Medial malleolus - inferior articular facet - groove for flexor hallucination longs - groove for tibia's posterior - lateral malleolus - malleolar fossa - articular surface
56
Ankle joint - trochlea
Broad anteriorly - more stable in dorsiflexion Narrow posteriorly - les stable in plantar flexion
57
Ankle joint - capsule and ligaments
- Loose fibrous capsule - Synovial folds within capsule - collateral ligaments of ankle all originate at malleoli and fan out to tarsal bones
58
medial ligament at ankle
medial Deltoid ligament resists dislocation during eversion of foot
59
lateral ligament at ankle
Lateral ligament resists over inversion, 3 bands - anterior talofibular - posterior talofibular - fibulocalcaneal
60
ankle joint movements
talocrural articulation - weight bearing hinge joint - extension (dorsiflexion) - flexion (plantar flexion ) more unstable due to narrow trochlea
61
bones of the foot
- tarsal, metatarsals, phalanges
62
proximal row of foot
Talus, Calcaneus
63
distal row of foot
medial to lateral - medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid +navicular proximal to all three cuneiform
64
Talus
only bone to link leg with foot
65
Forefoot, mid foot, hind foot seperation
forefoot to mid foot : tarsometatarsal joint (Lisfranc joint) midfoot to hind foot: transverse tarsal joint (Chopart joint)
66
Distal tibiofibular joint
Syndesmosis no movement, helps to stabilise ankle and foot
67
ankle joint
hinge joint plantar and dorsi flexion
68
intertarsal
Plane joints - inversion eversion - Subtalar - talocalcaneal Transverse tarsal joints -Talo-navicular - Calcaneo-cuboid
69
what ligaments support joints and plantar arches?
- Long plantar ligament - Spring ligament: supports head of talus and much of body weight
70
where is the site of surgical amputation of foot?
transverse tarsal joint
71

MD2002 Pt2 (3 decks)

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