Bones and Joints Flashcards
Define and describe the three anatomical planes
Median (mid-sagittal) - vertical planes which pass longitudinally through the middle of the body (sagittal)
Coronal - vertical planes at right angles to the sagittal planes
Horizontal (transverse)– parallel to the ground and at right angles to both the coronal and sagittal planes
What is the reason for establishing anatomical positions.
To set a reference point
What are the 6 body regions of the body?
- Head
- Neck
- Thoracic
- Abdomen
- Upper Limb
- Lower Limb
Name the 5 main body cavities
Dorsal
- Cranial (brain)
- Spinal (spinal chord)
Ventral
- Pericardial (heart)
- Pleural (lungs)
- Abdominal (stomach, kidney)
- Pelvic (bladder, uterus)
Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position anterior and posterior
Anterior – nearer to front
Posterior – nearer to back
Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position superior and inferior
Superior – nearer to head
Inferior – nearer to feet
Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position medial and lateral
Medial - nearer to median (mid-sagittal) plane
Lateral – farther from medial plane
Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position superficial, deep and intermediate.
Superficial – nearer to, or on, the surface
Deep – farther from the surface
Intermediate – between a superficial and a deep structure
Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position proximal and distal.
Proximal - nearer to the trunk of origin eg.limb
Distal - farther from the trunk of the origin
Describe what is meant by anatomical position
The position of the human body used as a reference point.
upright, face forward, feet together, toes pointing forward, palms facing forward
Describe the 5 main functions of the skeleton
- support
- protection
- locomotion
- mineral store
- blood cells
Describe the appendicular skeleton
The limbs and limb girdles
Describe the axial skeleton
The skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Define the 3 main types of joints in the body
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial joint
Describe fibrous joints
- Between the bone and cartilage
- Joined by collagen-rich fibrous protein
- Little movement
Name the 3 types of fibrous joints
- Syndesmoses
- Sutures
- Gomphosis
Describe syndesmoses joint
Slightly movable joints. Bones held together by together by an interosseous membrane Eg. Middle radio-ulnar and middle & inferior tibiofibular joint
Describe suture joints
Immovablejoint
Only found between the bones of the skull
Describe Gomphosis joints
Immovable joint
Anchors tissue between peg and socket eg. tooth and gum
Describe cartilaginous joints
- The bones are attached by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
- They are split into primary and secondary cartilaginous joints.
Describe primary cartilaginous joints
- Synchondroses
- Involves articular (hyaline) cartilage
- Betweenthe diaphysis and epiphysis of a growing long bone (epiphyseal plate). - no movement
Describe secondary cartilaginous joints
- Symphysis
- Involves fibrocartilage
- Occur in the mid-saggital plane of the body (Intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis,sternum)
Describe synovial joints
- filled with synovial fluid
- joints tend to be fully moveable
- main type of joint found around the body
Describe the structures of a synovial joint
Joint Cavity - space between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane
Joint Capsule - surrounding joint cavity
Synovial Membrane - Secretes synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes the joint.
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage - Covers the ends of bones that articulate with each other. Consists of hyaline cartilage lubricated with synovial fluid. Reduces friction in the joint
Accessory Structures – Ligaments, Bursae, Fibrocartilaginous discs, Labra, Menisci, Muscles
Name the 6 types of synovial joints in the body
- Ball and Socket
- Saddle
- Ellipsoid(condylar)
- Hinge
- Plane
- Pivot
Ball and Socket Joint
- Movement in three planes: flexion, extension, , abduction, adduction and rotation
e. g. glenohumeral joint
Saddle
- Movement in 2 planes: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.
E.g. 1st carpometacarpal joint in thumb
Ellipsoid(condylar)
- Same as saddle but less mobile
e. g. wrist joint
Hinge
- Movement in one plane: flexion and extension
e. g. elbow
Plane joint
- Allow a gliding movement
e. g. zyagophysial joint - between inferior and superior articular processes of vertebrae
Pivot
- Allow rotation of one bone around another
e. g. radioulnar joint
Histiology
-study of microscopic sructure of tissues
What are the 6 types of bone
Long - longer than they are wide eg.humorous
Short - width and length is similar eg.carpel
Flat - relatively thin and flat eg.cranium
Sesamoid – protect tendons from excessive wear and tear eg.patella
Pneumatic - contains air-filled cavities eg.skull
irregular - vertebrae
What is the purpose of smooth/rough areas in bones?
- smooth areas of bone are present at points of articulation with another bone
- rough areas of bone are often sites of ligament or tendon insertion
What are grooves in bones?
- generally arise as surface features on bones because of wear and tear
What is the purpose of holes(foramina) in bones?
- blood vessels, nerves or lymphatic vessels pass through
