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Year 1 Anatomy > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Define and describe the three anatomical planes

A

 Median (mid-sagittal) - vertical planes which pass longitudinally through the middle of the body (sagittal)
 Coronal - vertical planes at right angles to the sagittal planes
 Horizontal (transverse)– parallel to the ground and at right angles to both the coronal and sagittal planes

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2
Q

What is the reason for establishing anatomical positions.

A

To set a reference point

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3
Q

What are the 6 body regions of the body?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Thoracic
  • Abdomen
  • Upper Limb
  • Lower Limb
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4
Q

Name the 5 main body cavities

A

Dorsal

  • Cranial (brain)
  • Spinal (spinal chord)

Ventral

  • Pericardial (heart)
  • Pleural (lungs)
  • Abdominal (stomach, kidney)
  • Pelvic (bladder, uterus)
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5
Q

Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position anterior and posterior

A

 Anterior – nearer to front

 Posterior – nearer to back

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6
Q

Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position superior and inferior

A

 Superior – nearer to head

 Inferior – nearer to feet

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7
Q

Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position medial and lateral

A

 Medial - nearer to median (mid-sagittal) plane

 Lateral – farther from medial plane

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8
Q

Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position superficial, deep and intermediate.

A

 Superficial – nearer to, or on, the surface
 Deep – farther from the surface
 Intermediate – between a superficial and a deep structure

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9
Q

Define the terms of anatomical relationship and position proximal and distal.

A

 Proximal - nearer to the trunk of origin eg.limb

 Distal - farther from the trunk of the origin

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10
Q

Describe what is meant by anatomical position

A

The position of the human body used as a reference point.

upright, face forward, feet together, toes pointing forward, palms facing forward

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11
Q

Describe the 5 main functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • protection
  • locomotion
  • mineral store
  • blood cells
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12
Q

Describe the appendicular skeleton

A

The limbs and limb girdles

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13
Q

Describe the axial skeleton

A

The skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

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14
Q

Define the 3 main types of joints in the body

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial joint
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15
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A
  • Between the bone and cartilage
  • Joined by collagen-rich fibrous protein
  • Little movement
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16
Q

Name the 3 types of fibrous joints

A
  • Syndesmoses
  • Sutures
  • Gomphosis
17
Q

Describe syndesmoses joint

A 
Slightly movable joints. 
Bones held together by together by an 
interosseous membrane
Eg. Middle radio-ulnar and middle & 
inferior tibiofibular joint
18
Q

Describe suture joints

A

Immovablejoint

Only found between the bones of the skull

19
Q

Describe Gomphosis joints

A

Immovable joint

Anchors tissue between peg and socket eg. tooth and gum

20
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A
  • The bones are attached by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • They are split into primary and secondary cartilaginous joints.
21
Q

Describe primary cartilaginous joints

A
  • Synchondroses
  • Involves articular (hyaline) cartilage
  • Betweenthe diaphysis and epiphysis of a growing long bone (epiphyseal plate). - no movement
22
Q

Describe secondary cartilaginous joints

A
  • Symphysis
  • Involves fibrocartilage
  • Occur in the mid-saggital plane of the body (Intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis,sternum)
23
Q

Describe synovial joints

A
  • filled with synovial fluid
  • joints tend to be fully moveable
  • main type of joint found around the body
24
Q

Describe the structures of a synovial joint

A

Joint Cavity - space between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane

Joint Capsule - surrounding joint cavity

Synovial Membrane - Secretes synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes the joint.

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage - Covers the ends of bones that articulate with each other. Consists of hyaline cartilage lubricated with synovial fluid. Reduces friction in the joint

Accessory Structures – Ligaments, Bursae, Fibrocartilaginous discs, Labra, Menisci, Muscles

25
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints in the body

A
  • Ball and Socket
  • Saddle
  • Ellipsoid(condylar)
  • Hinge
  • Plane
  • Pivot
26
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A
  • Movement in three planes: flexion, extension, , abduction, adduction and rotation
    e. g. glenohumeral joint
27
Q

Saddle

A
  • Movement in 2 planes: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.
    E.g. 1st carpometacarpal joint in thumb
28
Q

Ellipsoid(condylar)

A
  • Same as saddle but less mobile

e. g. wrist joint

29
Q

Hinge

A
  • Movement in one plane: flexion and extension

e. g. elbow

30
Q

Plane joint

A
  • Allow a gliding movement

e. g. zyagophysial joint - between inferior and superior articular processes of vertebrae

31
Q

Pivot

A
  • Allow rotation of one bone around another

e. g. radioulnar joint

32
Q

Histiology

A

-study of microscopic sructure of tissues

33
Q

What are the 6 types of bone

A

Long - longer than they are wide eg.humorous

Short - width and length is similar eg.carpel

Flat - relatively thin and flat eg.cranium

Sesamoid – protect tendons from excessive wear and tear eg.patella

Pneumatic - contains air-filled cavities eg.skull

irregular - vertebrae

34
Q

What is the purpose of smooth/rough areas in bones?

A
  • smooth areas of bone are present at points of articulation with another bone
    • rough areas of bone are often sites of ligament or tendon insertion
35
Q

What are grooves in bones?

A
  • generally arise as surface features on bones because of wear and tear
36
Q

What is the purpose of holes(foramina) in bones?

A
  • blood vessels, nerves or lymphatic vessels pass through

Year 1 Anatomy (2 decks)

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