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ESA2 - Musculoskeletal System > Bones And Joints > Flashcards

Bones And Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 main shapes of bones? Give an example of each

A
  • FLAT (frontal)
  • SUTRAL (cranial suture)
  • SHORT (carpal)
  • LONG (femur)
  • IRREGULAR (vertebrae)
  • SESAMOID (patella)
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2
Q

Put these in order of proximal to distal for a long bone: diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis

A
  • Proximal epiphysis
  • Metaphysis
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Metaphysis
  • Distal epiphysis
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3
Q

Describe the composition of a short, flat or sesamoid bone

A
  • Consist mainly of SPONGY bone
  • Thin layer of periosteum-covered compact bone on outside
  • NO EPIPHYSIS OR DIAPHYSIS
  • Contain marrow within the trabeculae
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4
Q

Describe the composition of a long bone

A
  • Primarily compact bone but spongy bone at extremities
  • Articular cartilage at epiphysis
  • Red marrow within spongy trabeculae at metaphysis and diaphysis
  • Yellow marrow within the diaphysis
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5
Q

Which region of a long bone contains the nutrient artery?

A

DIAPHYSIS (enters via nutrient foramen)

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6
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Death of bone due to interrupted blood supply

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7
Q

List 5 causes of avascular necrosis of bone

A
  • Fracture
  • Dislocation
  • Steroids
  • Radiation
  • Decompression
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8
Q

How can avascular necrosis lead to secondary osteoarthritis?

A

Collapse of the necrotic segment in a joint due to weight bearing/wear and tear

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9
Q

Define ‘joint’

A

Articulation between two or more bones

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10
Q

Name 2 ways in which joints can be classified

A
  • STRUCTURAL (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)

- FUNCTIONAL (synarthosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis)

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of a fibrous joint and where they may be found)

A
  • SUTURE (synostosis of skull bones e.g. cranium)
  • SYNDESMOSIS (two bones joined by connective tissue e.g. radio ulnar interosseous membrane
  • GOMPHOSIS (between teeth and maxilla/mandible e.g. periodontal ligament)
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12
Q

What is the functional classification of a fibrous joint?

A

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of cartilaginous joints and state their functional classifications

A
  • Primary SYNCHONDROSIS (synarthrosis)

- Secondary SYMPHYSIS (amphiarthrosis)

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14
Q

What is a ‘synchondrosis’? Give 2 examples

A
  • Primary cartilaginous joint linked by hyaline cartilage
  • SYNARTHROSIS (immovable)
  • e.g. 1st sternocostal joint, epiphyseal growth plates
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15
Q

What is a ‘symphysis’? Give 2 examples

A
  • Secondary cartilaginous joint where 2 articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage are connected by fibrocartilage
  • AMPHIARTHROSIS
  • e.g. symphysis pubis, intervertebral disc
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16
Q

Define ‘synovial joint’ and state the functional classification

A
  • Joint cavity containing synovial fluid

- DIARTHROSIS (freely moveable)

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17
Q

Name 5 structural and/or functional roles of the skeleton

A
  • Support/posture
  • Protection of organs (thorax)
  • Movement
  • Mineral and growth factor storage
  • Haematopoiesis
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18
Q

What is the role of articular cartilage at synovial joints?

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage provides SMOOTH, LOW FRICTION MOVEMENT and RESISTS COMPRESSION

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19
Q

Name 3 synovial joints which do not contain hyaline articular cartilage. What cartilage do they contain?

A
  • Contain FIBROCARTILAGE

- Acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints

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20
Q

What is the role of the fibrous capsule around a synovial joint?

A
  • Encloses the joint (except when interrupted by synovial protrusions e.g. bursa
  • Stabilises the joint (permits movement but resists dislocation)
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21
Q

Which part of the synovial joint produces synovial fluid?

A

Synovial membrane

22
Q

What is the role of the synovial membrane?

A
  • Lines capsule, exposed bony surfaces, tendon sheaths and bursa (NOT ARTICULAR CARTILAGE)
  • Produces synovial fluid
23
Q

What is a ‘bursa’?

A
  • Sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid
  • Can be communicating or non-communicating with the joint cavity
  • Involved in SHOCK ABSORPTION
24
Q

What is meant by a ‘tendon sheath’?

A

Elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon

- e.g. Common flexor tendon sheath in the wrist which contains the tendons of FDS and FDP

25
Q

Describe the composition of synovial fluid (4)

A
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Lubricin
  • Proteinase
  • Collagenase
26
Q

What is the role of synovial fluid in a joint?

A
  • Reduces friction
  • Shock absorption
  • Transport of nutrients and waste products
27
Q

Where is synovial fluid located?

A

Within the joint cavity of a joint

28
Q

Describe the blood supply at a synovial joint

A
  • Periarticular arterial plexus
  • Articular cartilage is AVASCULAR, fibrous capsule and ligaments have a poor blood supply
  • Synovial membrane is highly vascularised with a RICH BLOOD SUPPLY
29
Q

What is Hilton’s Law?

A

The nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

30
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint? Give an example of each

A
  • Pivot (between C1 — C2 vertebrae)
  • Ball and socket (hip)
  • Hinge (elbow)
  • Saddle (trapezium — 1st metacarpal)
  • Condyloid (radius — carpals)
  • Planar (between tarsals)
31
Q

Describe the properties of a planar joint

A
  • Flat/slightly curved articulating surface
  • Gliding or sliding movements
  • NON-AXIAL
32
Q

Give 3 examples of a planar joint

A
  • Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
  • Intercarpal joints
  • Vertebral facet joints
33
Q

Describe the properties of a hinge joint

A
  • UNIAXIAL (e.g. like a door hinge)

- Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another

34
Q

Give 3 examples of a hinge joint

A
  • Humeroulnar joint of elbow
  • Knee
  • Ankle
35
Q

Describe the properties of a pivot joint

A
  • UNIAXIAL

- Rounded surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed by the concavity of another bone and a fibrous ligament

36
Q

Give 2 examples of a pivot joint

A
  • Atlantoaxial joint (pivot in the neck)

- Proximal radioulnar joint

37
Q

Explain why the proximal radioulnar joint is classed as a pivot joint

A
  • Radial head articulates with the concave radial fossa of the ulna
  • Surrounded by annular ligament (forming a ring) and permits UNIAXIAL movement
38
Q

What is a ‘condyloid/ellipsoidal joint’?

A
  • BIAXIAL joint where the oval shaped condyle of one bone rests on the elliptical cavity of another
  • Permits flexion/extension, ab/adduction and circumduction
39
Q

Give 3 examples of a condyloid joint

A
  • MCP joints
  • Radiocarpal joints
  • Atlanto-occipital joint
40
Q

Describe the properties of a saddle joint and give an example

A
  • BIAXIAL joint where one bone is saddle shaped (concavoconvex) and the other bone resembles the legs of the rider
  • E.g. between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal
41
Q

What movements does a saddle joint permit?

A
  • Flexion/extension
  • Abduction/adduction
  • Circumduction
42
Q

How do the movements of a multiaxial joint (e.g. Hip) differ from that of a biaxial joint (e.g. MCP)?

A
  • Both allow flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction
  • Multiaxial joints allow ROTATION
43
Q

Name 3 effects of ageing on joints

A
  • Decreased production of synovial fluid
  • Thinning of articular cartilage
  • Shortening of ligaments and decreased flexibility
44
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Inflammation and stiffness of joints due to wear and tear (erosion) of articular cartilage

45
Q

What are osteophytes?

A
  • Bony projections that form along the margin of a joint, due to bone remodelling
  • Commonly seen in osteoarthritis
46
Q

What is the difference between osteophytes and enthesophytes?

A
  • Osteophytes are bony spurs that form along the margin of a joint
  • Enthesophytes are bony spurs that form at the attachment of a tendon or ligament
47
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • Autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies attack the synovium
  • Leads to inflammation of synovium, pannus formation, joint erosion and deformity
  • Women more affected than men (3:1)
48
Q

Which joints are at most risk of erosion in rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • MCP and interphalangeal joints of hand
  • Cervical spine
  • Feet
  • Can involve large joints
49
Q

What factors can affect the stability of a joint?

A
  • Structure/shape of articulating bones
  • Strength/tension of ligaments
  • Arrangement and tone of muscles
  • Use/disuse and hormones
  • Apposition of neighbouring soft tissue
50
Q

How does ‘cracking’ of joints occur?

A
  • Bones pulled away from eachother, expanding the synovial cavity
  • Volume of fluid is constant and a partial vacuum is formed
  • Gases dissolved in fluid are pulled out, making a POP sound

ESA2 - Musculoskeletal System (1 decks)

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