Bones and Joints Flashcards by Finn Heard

What are the different types of bones?

Long e.g limbs

Short e.g carpals in wrist

Flat e.g skull

Sesamoid e.g patella

Irregular e.g vertebrae

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What are the functions of bone?

Support and weight bearing

Protection

Blood formation

Mineral storage

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Name the membrane which covers bone and it’s function

Periosteum, lays down more bone

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Name the membrane which lines the inside of bone

Endosteum

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What is an osteon?

The circular structures in which compact bone is organised

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State the difference between Haversian systems and Volkmann’s canals

Haversian systems run vertically through the centre off osteons

Volkmann’s canals run horizontally between Haversian canals

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Name the 3 types of cells found in bone

Osteoclasts

Osetoblasts

Osteocytes

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Describe the function of osteoclasts and their origin

Osteoclasts reabsorb bone matrix

Large multinucleate cells derived from haemopoietic stem cells

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Describe the function of osteoblasts and their origin

Osteoblasts produce unmineralised bone matrix (osteoid) and initiate calcification

Immature bone cells created from osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum and endosteum

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Describe the function of osteocytes and their origin

The function of osteocytes is not well understood, but may maintain bone matrix and sense mechanical forces

Mature bone cells found inside lacunae (cavity/ depression)

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Describe the composition of the bone extracellular matrix

45% Hydroxyapatite crystals

35% Type I Collagen fibres

20% Water

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Name 3 examples of bone remodelling disorders

Osetoporosis

Paget’s disease

Osteopetrosis

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Why are limb bones long?

Limb bones are used for movement

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Why do trunk bones vary between being long, flat and irregular?

Trunk bones are used for protection

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What is cartilage?

Cartilage is a semi-rigid and flexible connective tissue

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What is the function of cartilage?

Cartilage supports tissues and organs and provides a scaffold for bone development

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Name the 2 kinds of cells found in cartilage

Chrondroblasts

Chondrocytes

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Describe the function of chondroblasts and their origin

Chondroblasts secrete extracellular matrix and fibres

Immature cells derived from mesenchyme cells

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Describe the function of chondrocytes and their origin

Chondroblasts secrete extracellular matrix and fibres

Mature cells derived from chordroblasts (once they have become embedded in cartilage matrix)

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Where is cartilage found?

The end of long bones at the joints

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What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

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Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear

Epiglottis

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Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Ribs

Nose

Trachea

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Where is fibrocartilage found?

Intervertebrae disks

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What structures cannot be found in cartilage?

Blood vessels and nerves

Describe briefly the characteristics of each type of cartilage

Hyaline - weakest and glassy appearance Elastic - flexible and resistant Fibrocartilage - strongest type of cartilage

What are the two different parts of the skeleton called?

Axial Appendicular

Where in a long bone can compact bone be found?

Compact bone is found on the surface

Where in a long bone can spongy bone be found?

Spongy bone is found inside the bone

What type of bone is found inside the marrow cavity?

Spongy bone is found inside the marrow cavity

Name the 2 types of ossification

Endochondrial Intramembranous

Describe the process of endochondrial ossification

1. Bone forms as cartilage model 2. Blood vessels invade cartilage 3. Cartilage replaced with bone 4. Cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate 5. Growth plate eventually ossifies

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification

1. Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts that start to deposit bone 2. Residual mesenchymal cells develop blood vessels and bone marrow Note: no cartilage model and this bone formation also occurs in adult bone

Name the two types of bone growth

Appositonal Interstitial

What is the difference between the types of bone growth

Appositional growth is growth in diameter of a bone Interstitial growth is growth along the length of a bone

What is A?