Bones and Articulations

Question 1

what is osteopenia?

Answer 1

When bones become weaker and thinner with age. Inadequate ossification

Question 2

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 2

“porous bones” when the reduction in the bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function.

Question 3

what is Marfan syndrome

Answer 3

is excess cartilage at epiphyseal plates

Question 4

what is pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 4

inadequate production of growth hormone resulting in short bones

Question 5

what is Gigantism?

Answer 5

overproduction of HGH

ex: Robert Wadlow (Alton) 8ft. 11in.

Question 6

what are rickets?

Answer 6

Deficiency of Vitamin D3 (calcitriol) helps digits tract to absorb calcium, needed for bone maintenance.

Question 7

what are bursae?

Answer 7

synovial fluid filled sacs, provide cushion where a tendons/ligaments rub

Question 8

what are menisci?

Answer 8

disks of fibrocartilage that divided joint not two compartments, articular discs, allow variations in shapes of bones at joint

Question 9

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 9

cells that absorb and remove bone matrix

Question 10

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 10

production of new bone

Question 11

what are ligaments?

Answer 11

bone to bone, support, strengthen and reinforce joints

Question 12

what are tendons?

Answer 12

muscle to bone, helps support joints

Question 13

what does the endosteum do?

Answer 13

function: covers trabeculae, lines central canal, bone growth and repair

Question 14

what does the periosteum do?

Answer 14

function: isolate bone, route for blood vessels/ nerves, bone growth and repair.

Question 15

what are the steps of the intramembraneous ossification?

Answer 15

?

Question 16

What are the functions of the skeleton system?

Answer 16

support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production, leverage.

Question 17

what are the functions of red bone marrow/yellow marrow?

Answer 17

yellow marrow - stores fat

red marrow - blood cell production

Question 18

matrix of bone composed?

mineral: _____________
fiber: ___________

Answer 18

Minerals: hydroxyapatite (calcium) function: hard, brittle, withstand compression
Fibers: collagen : function: tensile strength

Question 19

Types of bones
long:
short:
sutural: 
sesamoid:

Answer 19

long: elongated and consist of a shaft. femur, humerus
short: small & boxy. phalanges
sutural: small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull.
sesamoid: small, rounded, and flat. develop inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints of the knee.

Question 20

what is a condyloid joint?

Answer 20

condyle of one bone fits into cavity of another. ex: metacarpals and phalanges

Question 21

what is a saddle joint?

Answer 21

between bones that fit together ex: carpals & metacarpals

Question 22

what is a pivot joint?

Answer 22

ex: head side to side between radius and ulna.

Question 23

what is a hinge joint?

Answer 23

convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. ex: elbow & knee.

Question 24

what are the steps of Endochondral ossification?

Answer 24

step 1: chonodrocytes increase in size and the matrix begin to calcify.
step 2: BVs grow into perichondrium. then cells in the perichondrium convert to osteoblasts.
step 3: BVs penetrate cartilage. Fibroblasts migrate and differentiate into osteoblasts. this forms the Primary ossification center.
step 4: remodeling occurs, osseous its becomes thicker.
step 5: capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphysis. Secondary ossification center forms.
step 6: epiphyses fill with spongy bone.

Question 25

what is dislocation (luxation) ?

Answer 25

Articulating surfaces forced out of position

Question 26

what is a ball&socket joint?

Answer 26

movement in all planes ex: hips, shoulders

Question 27

calcium is important for?? besides bones

Answer 27

nerve impulses
muscle contractions
blood clotting

Question 28

fractures: 
open/compound 
closed/simple
communicated
greenstick

Answer 28

open/compound: through the skin
closed/simple: not through the skin
communicated: smaller fragments
greenstick: only children, 1 side broken, 1 side bends

Question 29

what are the steps to repair a fracture?

Answer 29

~ after hours a blood clot forms or a fracture hematoma, develops.
~ An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.

Question 30

what are the causes of osteoporosis?

Answer 30

menopause, insufficient calcium intake, cancer, lack of exercise, alcohol&tobacco, eating disorder.

Question 31

spongy bone vs. compact bone

Answer 31

spongy bone: no osteons, stores red bone marrow, no blood vessels.
compact bone: blood vessels has osteons.

Question 32

what are some factors that limit range of motion?

Answer 32

1. collagen fibers
2. shape of articulating surfaces and menisci
3. Other bone, muscles, or fat pads
4. tendons of articulating bones

Question 33

what is osteoarthritis?

Answer 33

caused by
~ wear & tear of joint surfaces
~ genetic factors affecting collagen formation
generally affects people 60 or older

Question 34

what is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 34

inflammatory condition: Caused by:
~ infection
~ allergy
~ autoimmune disease

Question 35

what is Gouty arthritis?

Answer 35

buildup of uric acid crystals in synovial joint fluid interferes w/joint movement
Caused by:
~ Gout
~Calcification of joints in people of 85

Question 36

Slipped discs vs. Herniated discs

Answer 36

slipped disc: nucleus pulposus distort the annulus fibrosus, forcing it into vertebral canal.
Herniated disc: nucleus pulpous breaks through the annulus fibrosus, distorts/compresses sensory nerves.

Question 37

synarthrotic means?

Answer 37

Immovable : united joints

Question 38

amphiarthrotic means?

Answer 38

slightly moveable : both immovable and moveable

Question 39

diarthrotic means?

Answer 39

freely movable : moves in at least two planes

Question 40

Hormones for bone deconstruction

Answer 40

.

Question 41

hormones for bone growth

Answer 41

.

Question 42

what is hemopoiesis?

Answer 42

blood cell production; in the red bone marrow

Question 43

what is trabeculae?

Answer 43

a matrix

Question 44

what is a sprain?

Answer 44

~ ligaments with torn collagen fibers

~ ligament as a whole survives and joint is not damaged.

Question 45

what is the difference between an epiphyseal plate and an epiphyseal line?

Answer 45

epiphyseal line: cartilage replaced by bone when done growing
epiphyseal plate: separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis.