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Interspecies differences - bones, muscles and ligaments (ca-eq-bo) > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Spatium interarcuale

A

⮚ Eq: wide
⮚ Ru: wide
⮚ Ca: narrow

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2
Q

Incisura alare on the atlas (C1)

A

⮚ Eq: absent, foramen alare instead
⮚ Ru: absent, foramen alare instead
⮚ Ca: present

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3
Q

Foramen transversarium on atlas (C1)

A

⮚ Eq: present
⮚ Ru: absent
⮚ Ca: present

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4
Q

Shape of ala atlantis (C1)

A

⮚ Eq: point downwards
⮚ Ru: point horizontally
⮚ Ca: point horizontally

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5
Q

The shape of Dens on Axis (C2)

A

⮚ Eq: spout- like
⮚ Ru: spout- like
⮚ Ca: rod- like

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6
Q

The shape of facies articularis cranialis on axis (C2)

A

⮚ Eq: surface is split into two and is ventrolateral to the dens
⮚ Ru: surface is undivided and is semicircular around the dens
⮚ Ca: surface is split into two and is nearly fully lateral to the dens

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7
Q

Processus spinosus direction and shape on axis (C2)

A

⮚ Eq: directed caudally and is split into two ridges (bifurcated) ; is continuous with the caudal articular processes
⮚ Ru: rectangular in shape and has a convex dorsal borer ; is separate from the caudal articular processes
⮚ Ca: ridge extends cranially and caudally ; is continuous with the caudal articular processes

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8
Q

Foramen vertebrale laterale on axis (C2)

A

⮚ Eq: present, formed by a bony bridge on the cranial side
⮚ Ru: present, formed by a bony bridge on the cranial side
⮚ Ca: absent, instead incisura vertebralis cranialis is present

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9
Q

Crista ventralis on C7

A

⮚ Eq: absent
⮚ Ru: absent
⮚ Ca: present

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10
Q

Number of thorcicae vertebrae

A

⮚ Eq: 18
⮚ Ru: 13
⮚ Ca: 12- 14

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11
Q

Processus accessorii (Thorcicae)

A

⮚ Eq: not present ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: present between the transverse and caudal articular processes of the last thoracic vertebrae (rod – like)

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12
Q

Size of the processus spinosus on thoracicae

A

⮚ Eq: increase in length until the 4th of 5th vertebrae, decrease until the 12th or 13th
⮚ Ru: increase in length until the 3rd vertebra, decrease until the 12th or 13th ⮚ Ca: decrease all the way through

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13
Q

Foreman intervertebrale (Thorcicae)

A

⮚ Eq: undivided
⮚ Ru: divided into two by a bony bridge
⮚ Ca: undivided

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14
Q

Number of vertebrae (Lumbales)

A

⮚ Eq: 5-7
⮚ Ru: 6
⮚ Ca: 6/7

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15
Q

Processus accessorii (Lumbales)

A

⮚ Eq: not present ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: present, between the transverse and processus articularis caudalis of the entire lumbar vertebrae

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16
Q

The shape of processus spinosus (Lumbales)

A

⮚ Eq: uniform length ; directed cranially ; rectangular in shape
⮚ Ru: uniform length ; directed caudally in the ox and vertically in small ruminants ; square in shape
⮚ Ca: not uniform in length ; directed cranially

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17
Q

Processus costales (rudimentary ribs)– [Processus transversus of the Lumbales]

A

⮚ Eq: horizontally directed ; that of the last two and 1st sacral vertebrae articulate together
⮚ Ru: horizontally directed
⮚ Ca: directed downwards and forwards (cranioventrally)

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18
Q

The shape of processus mamilloarticularis (Lumbales)

A

⮚ Eq: club – shaped
⮚ Ru: club – shaped
⮚ Ca: ridge – shaped

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19
Q

Foramen intervertebrale (Lumbales)

A

⮚ Eq: undivided ; has a dorsal and ventral opening due to articulation of transverse processes
⮚ Ru: divided in the first 3 lumbar vertebrae by a bony bridge (caudal notch)
⮚ Ca: undivided

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20
Q

Number of vertebrae (Sacrales)

A

⮚ Eq: 5
⮚ Ru: 5 (4 in sheep)
⮚ Ca: 3

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21
Q

Shape of os sacral

A

⮚ Eq: triangular
⮚ Ru: triangular
⮚ Ca: rectangular

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22
Q

Basis ossis sacri (sacrales)

A

⮚ Eq: straight
⮚ Ru: curved caudally
⮚ Ca straight

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23
Q

Crista sacralis mediana et intermedia (sacrales)

A

⮚ Eq: not present
⮚ Ru: present (mediana on the dorsal aspect and the intermediana lateral to the proc. spinosus)
⮚ Ca: not present

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24
Q

Ala ossis sacri (sacrales)

A

⮚ Eq: only first sacral vertebrae contributes to its formation
⮚ Ru: first two contribute (in small ruminants)
⮚ Ca: first two contribute

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25
Processus spinosus fused/divided (sacrales)
⮚ Eq: bases are fused while dorsal part remains unfused | ⮚ Ru: dorsal spines are fused (form the medial sacral crest) ⮚ Ca: bases are fused while dorsal part remains unfused
26
Shape of pars lateralis of the sacral (fusion of proc. transversus) [Sacrale]
⮚ Eq: stout ⮚ Ru: thin ⮚ Ca: stout
27
Shape of the crista sacralis lateralis (sacrale)
⮚ Eq: prominent ⮚ Ru: rudimentary ⮚ Ca: rudimentary
28
Position of facies auricularis (sacrale)
⮚ Eq: directed almost cranially ⮚ Ru: directed upwards and backwards (caudodorsally) ⮚ Ca: directed laterally
29
Number of vertebrae (cocygeal-caudales)
⮚ Eq: 15 - 21 ⮚ Ru: 18 - 20 ⮚ Ca: 20 - 23
30
Processus haemalis (for protection of coccygeal vessels ; on the ventral surface) [cocygeal-cadualis]
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: 1st – 8th vertebrae ⮚ Ca: 5th – 15th vertebrae
31
Arcus haemalis [cocygeal-cadualis]
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: 2nd and 3rd vertebrae ⮚ Ca: 3rd – 8th vertebrae
32
Number of ribs (costae)
⮚ Eq: 18 ⮚ Ru: 13 ⮚ Ca: 12 –
33
Ratio of sternal to asternal ribs (costae)
⮚ Eq: 8:10 ⮚ Ru: 8:5 ⮚ Ca: 9:4
34
Collum costae (costae)
⮚ Eq: becomes shorter gradually ⮚ Ru: does not become shorter ⮚ Ca: becomes shorter gradually
35
Shape of the ribs (costae)
⮚ Eq: uniform ⮚ Ru: flat with sharply defined margins, expand in width towards the sternum ⮚ Ca: more curved
36
Cartilago manubrii (sternum)
⮚ Eq: long, dorsally convex and laterally compressed projection ⮚ Ru: represented by a thin layer/ completely missing ⮚ Ca: short, blunt cylinder
37
Corpus sterni (sternum)
⮚ Eq: has a crista sterni on the ventral side ; 7 segments (sometimes 8) ; compressed laterally and extended ventrally ⮚ Ru: wide and flat ; 7 segments ; compressed dorsoventrally ⮚ Ca: cylindrical ; 8-9 segments ; uniform cylinder
38
Cartilago xiphoidea (sternum)
⮚ Eq: broad and expanded ⮚ Ru: broad and expanded ⮚ Ca: thin and narrow
39
Fossa and spina scapulae size (Scapula)
⮚ Eq: fossa supraspinata much smaller than fossa infraspinata ; tuber present ⮚ Ru: fossa supraspinata much smaller than fossa infraspinata ; tuber absent ⮚ Ca: fossa supra and infra spinata are approximately the same in size ; tuber absent
40
Acromion (Scapula)
⮚ Eq: not present (fused) ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: extended to form processus hamatus ⮚ Fe: extended to form processus hamatus and supra hamatus
41
Cartilago scapulae (Scapula)
⮚ Eq: large ⮚ Ru: large ⮚ Ca: only a small band
42
Tuberculum infraglenoidale (Scapula)
⮚ Eq: not present ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: present, dorsal to the cavitas glenoidalis
43
Incisura glenoidalis (Scapula)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: not present
44
Tuber spinae scapulae (Scapula)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: not present
45
Foramen supratrochleare (Humerus)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present
46
Tuberculum majus divided/undivided (Humerus)
⮚ Eq: divided into a pars cranialis and caudalis ⮚ Ru: divided into a pars cranialis and caudalis ⮚ Ca: undivided
47
Tuberculum minus divided/undivided (Humerus)
⮚ Eq: divided into a pars cranialis and caudalis ⮚ Ru: divided into a pars cranialis and caudalis ⮚ Ca: undivided
48
Tuberculum intermedium (Humerus)
⮚ Eq: present ; prominent ridge ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent
49
Tuberositas teres major (Humerus)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: not present
50
Spatium interosseum antebrachii (Humerus)
⮚ Eq: one short space (proximal) ⮚ Ru: two short spaces (proximal and distal) ⮚ Ca: narrow space throughout the length
51
Ulna fused/unfused with radius
⮚ Eq: fused with radius (united by ossification) ; distal third of the ulna is lacking ; caput ulnae absent ⮚ Ru: fused with radius ; ulna is not as small as in Eq ; caput ulnae is present ⮚ Ca: unfused : ulna is relatively the biggest among the three species : caput ulnae
52
Incisura ulnaris (ulna)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present on the lateral aspect of the trochlea radii
53
Collum radii (radius)
⮚ Eq: not distinct ⮚ Ru: not distinct ⮚ Ca: distinct, separates the caput and corpus radii
54
Number of carpal bones (carpus)
⮚ Eq: 7/8 carpal bones present (C1 usually absent) ⮚ Ru: 6 carpal bones present (C1 is absent, C2 and C3 are fused) ⮚ Ca: 7 carpal bones present (Cr and Ci are fused)
55
Os sesamoideum m. abductoris digiti longi (carpus)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present right next to os carpi ulnare for attachment of muscle for movement of first
56
Number of metacarpal bones (Metacarpus)
⮚ Eq: only the 3rd metacarpal bone (cannon bone) is fully developed ⮚ Ru: 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones are fused proximally but separate distally ; 2nd and 5th bones are very small (dewclaws) ⮚ Ca: 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones are the longest, 2nd and 5th are shorter and 1st is the shortest
57
Number of phalanges (phalanx)
⮚ Eq: only the 3rd digit presents ⮚ Ru: 3rd and 4th digits present ⮚ Ca: all digits present ; 1st digit has Ph1 and Ph3 present only
58
Trigonum phalangis proximalis (phalanx)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent
59
Processus extensorius in phalanx media (phalanx)
⮚ Eq: present, extends dorsally ⮚ Ru: present, extends dorsally ⮚ Ca: absent
60
Tuberositas flexoria (phalanx)
⮚ Eq: present on the palmar aspect of the phalanx media ⮚ Ru: present on the palmar aspect of the phalanx media ⮚ Ca: absent
61
Tuberculum flexorium (phalanx)
⮚ Eq: absent , facies flexoria present instead. ⮚ Ru: present in the phalanx distalis for attachment of the deep flexor tendon ⮚ Ca: present in the phalanx distalis for attachment of the deep flexor tendon
62
Divided/undivided facies lunata in the acetabulum (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: facies lunata is undivided ; fossa acetabuli is elongated ⮚ Ru: facies lunata has a pars major and minor ; has a cranioventral notch (between os ilium and pubis) ⮚ Ca: facies lunata is undivided ; fossa acetabuli is almost circular in shape (os acetabuli present - middle of the union of the other bones)
63
Shape of crista iliaca (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: concave and thin ⮚ Ru: concave and thin ⮚ Ca: convex and thick
64
Shape of ala ossis ilii (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: horizontal/ lateral ⮚ Ru: horizontal/ lateral (small ruminants: dorsolateral) ⮚ Ca: sagittal
65
Number of lineae gluteae (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: 1 present ⮚ Ru: 1 present ⮚ Ca: 3 present
66
Shape of spina ischiadica (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: low and thickened ⮚ Ru: tall and sharp ⮚ Ca: low and thickened
67
Tuberculum m. psoas minoris (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: not present
68
Shape of tuber ischiadicum (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: linear thickening ⮚ Ru: triangular shaped ⮚ Ca: linear thickening
69
Arcus ischiadicus (pelvis)
⮚ Eq: shallow and irregular ⮚ Ru: broad and deep ⮚ Ca: broad and deep
70
Solum pelvis osseum (pelvic floor) [pelvis]
⮚ Eq: flat and vertical ⮚ Ru: deeply concave ⮚ Ca: concave but less deeply
71
Trochanter tertius (Femur)
⮚Eq: present on the lateral side ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent
72
Fovea capitis (Femur)
⮚ Eq: wedge shaped and medially located ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: circular and centrally located
73
Collum (Femur)
⮚ Eq: not distinct ⮚ Ru: not distinct ⮚ Ca: distinct (and pigs)
74
Trochanter major divided/undivided, higher/lower than the caput (Femur)
⮚ Eq: divided into pars cranialis and caudalis ; higher than the caput ossis femoris (head) ⮚ Ru: undivided ; higher than the caput ⮚ Ca: undivided ; on the same level as the caput (and pigs) ⮚ Fe: lower
75
Crista intertrochanterica (Femur)
⮚ Eq: steep angle down ⮚ Ru: from trochanter major to trochanter minor ⮚ Ca: from trochanter major to trochanter minor
76
Fossa supracondylaris (Femur)
⮚ Eq: deep ⮚ Ru: shallow ⮚ Ca: shallow
77
Facies articularis sesamoidea medialis et lateralis (Femur)
⮚ Eq: not present ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: present, flat surfaces above the condylus medialis and lateralis for articulation with the medial/ lateral sesamoid bones
78
Tuberculum trochleae ossis femoris
⮚ Eq: present as a medial nodular protuberance on the proximal end of the trochlea ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: not present
79
Fibrocartilago parapatellaris (patella)
⮚ Eq: partly cartilaginous, faces medially ⮚ Ru: partly cartilaginous, faces medially ⮚ Ca: not present
80
Shape of patella (patella)
⮚ Eq: almost rhombus shaped ⮚ Ru: almost diamond shaped, the apex is sharp ⮚ Ca: oval in shape
81
Fibula
⮚ Eq: proximal extremity extends like a splint bone, distal extremity is fused with the tibia ; forms a moveable joint with the facies articularis capitis ⮚ Ru: usually underdeveloped, reduced to an independent os malleolare ; fibular head is fused with the lateral condyle of the tibia ⮚ Ca: extends distally past the cochlea
82
Spatium interosseum cruris (Fibula)
⮚ Eq: present only proximally ⮚ Ru: space varies, can be totally absent (if fibula shaft is undeveloped) ⮚ Ca: narrows distally
83
Sulcus tuberositas tibiae (Fibula)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent
84
Facies articularis for os malleolaris (Fibula)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: absent ; fibula articulates with the tibia at the facies articularis malleoli (incisura fibularis also present)
85
Number of tarsal bones
⮚ Eq: 6 (T1 [os cuneiforme mediale] and T2 [os cuneiforme intermedium] are fused) ⮚ Ru: 5 (os tarsi cen trale [os naviculare] and T4 [os cuboideum], T2 [os cuneiforme intermedium] and T3 [os cuneiform laterale] are fused) ⮚ Ca: 7
86
Trochlea tali dividied/ undivided (talus)
⮚ Eq: divided (lat, med) ; dividing line goes laterally (/ obliquely) ⮚ Ru: divided (prox, dist) ; dividing line is usually straight ⮚ Ca: undivided ; dividing line is not very distinct
87
Trochlea tali proximalis/distalis
⮚ Eq: not present ⮚ Ru: present for articulation with tibia, fibula/ os tarsi centrale and tarsale IV ⮚ Ca: not present
88
Sulcus calcanei
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present
89
Intermediate tarsal bone
⮚ Eq: fused with the talus ⮚ Ru: fused with the talus ⮚ Ca: absent
90
calcaneal tuberosity (calcaneus)
⮚ Eq: calcaneal tuberosity is very pronounced and its proximal surface is marked by a groove ⮚ Ru: calcaneal tuberosity is expanded and the proximal aspect is roughened and hollowed by a shallow groove ⮚ Ca: absent
91
Structures within the trochlea of the metatarsus
⮚ Eq: crista sagittalis present ⮚ Ru: inscisura intertrochlearis present ; additional sesamoid bone present proximal to the third metatarsal bone ⮚ Ca: -
92
Crista nuchae (Os occipitale)
⮚Eq: present on the lamina externa of the squamous part ⮚ Ru: absent, has a linea nuchae instead ⮚ Ca: present on the lamina externa of the squamous part
93
Processes tentoricus (Os occipitale)
⮚ Eq: present, at the protuberentia occipitalis interna ⮚ Ru: not present ⮚ Ca: present, at the protuberentia occipitalis interna
94
Processus paracondylaris size (Os occipitale)
⮚ Eq: long ⮚ Ru: long ⮚ Ca: short ⮚ Su: elongated
95
Canalis n. hypoglossi size (Os occipitale)
⮚ Eq: wide ; almost under the condylus ⮚ Ru: small (sometimes double in the ox) ; almost under the condylus ⮚ Ca: small ; in front of the condylus
96
Foreman lacerum (Os occipitale)
⮚ Eq: present immediately ahead of the tuberculum musculare ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent
97
incisura spinosa
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent
98
incisura ovalis
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: asbent
99
incisura carotica
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: asbent
100
foramen spinosa
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: present
101
foramen ovale
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: present
102
foramen caroticum
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present
103
Sinus sphenoidales (os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent in small, present in large ⮚ Ca: absent
104
Foramen rotundum location (os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: lies below the fissura orbitalis ⮚ Ru: fissura orbitalis and foramen rotundum unite to form foramen orbitorotundum ⮚ Ca: lies below the fissura orbitalis
105
foramen orbitorotundum (os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: absent
106
fissura orbitalis (os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present
107
Connection with the orbit (os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: neural grooves present ; sulcus n. maxillaris leads to foramen rotundum and sulcus n. opthalmici communicates with the fissura orbitalis ⮚ Ru: sulcus nn. opthalmici et maxillaries present – connects to foramen rotundum ⮚ Ca: neural grooves present (less distinct than in Eq) ; sulcus n. maxillaris leads to foramen rotundum and sulcus n. opthalmici communicates with the fissura orbitalis
108
Unification of the two parietal bones (Os parietale)
⮚ Eq: united in front at the suture sagittalis ; enclosed by the margo interparietalis ⮚ Ru: suture sagittalis is absent, instead os interparietale extends to the frontal bone and completely separates the parietal bones ⮚ Ca: united in front at the suture sagittalis ; enclosed by the margo interparietalis
109
linea temporalis (Os parietale)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: present in small Ru, absent in cattle ⮚ Ca: present
110
Tuberculum musculare (Os parietale)
⮚ Eq: no protuberance, just a roughened surface ⮚ Ru: protuberance present ⮚ Ca: protuberance present
111
Fissura petrooccipitalis
⮚ Eq: present rostral to the foramen jugulare, medial to the bulla tympanica ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent ; sutura occipitotemporalis
112
Canalis interincisuvis (mandibule)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent, fissura interincisuvis present instead ⮚ Ca: present
113
Carnassial tooth (mandibule)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present (largest tooth)
114
Tuberositas musculi sternomandibularis (mandibule)
⮚ Eq: present, dorsal to the angulus mandibularis ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: absent
115
fissura interincisuvis (mandibule)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: absent
116
Processus angularis (mandibule)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present
117
Foramen mentale (mandibule)
⮚ Eq: singular foramen present ⮚ Ru: singular foramen present ⮚ Ca: two foramina mentalia present
118
Crista mandibulae rostralis/ caudalis (mandibule)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present, houses the fossa masseterica
119
Processus lingualis (Os hyoideum)
⮚ Eq: present rostral to the basihyoideum ; longer than in Ru ⮚ Ru: present rostral to the basihyoideum ⮚ Ca: absent
120
Cartilago stylohyoideum (Os hyoideum)
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present, divides the epihyoideum and stylohyoideum
121
Angulus stylohyoideus (Os hyoideum)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: absent
122
Sella turcica (Os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: absent – no dorsum sellae ⮚ Ru: present, made up of fossa hypophysialis and dorsum sellae ⮚ Ca: present, made up of fossa hypophysialis and dorsum sellae
123
Sulcus n. ophtalmici and maxillaris (Os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: separate (ophtalmici is medial and maxillaris is lateral) ⮚ Ru: together (sulcus nn. ophtalmici et maxillaris for passage through foramen orbitorotundum) ⮚ Ca: separate (ophtalmici is medial and maxillaris is lateral)
124
sulcus n. caroticus (Os sphenoidale)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present
125
Processus cornualis
⮚ Eq: absent ⮚ Ru: present (horns) ⮚ Ca: absent
126
Crista galli (Os ethmoidale)
⮚ Eq: distinct ⮚ Ru: distinct ⮚ Ca: low and poorly developed
127
Sinus sphenoidalis (Os ethmoidale)
⮚ Eq: contains only a singular, large sinus sphenopalatinus ⮚ Ru: contains sinus sphenoidalis split into two ⮚ Ca: contains sinus sphenoidalis split into two
128
Processus styloideus (Os temporale: Pars petrosa)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: present ⮚ Ca: absent
129
Tuberculum articulare (Os temporale: Pars squamous)
⮚Eq: present ⮚ Ru: very low ⮚ Ca: absent
130
Processus retroarticularis (Os temporale: Pars squamous)
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: low ⮚ Ca: raised
131
Foramen stylomastoideum (Os temporale: Pars squamous)
⮚ Eq: present between processus styloideus and mastoideus ⮚ Ru: present between processus styloideus and mastoideus ⮚ Ca: present between pars tympanica and processus masteoideus
132
Crista partis petrosae (Os temporale: Pars squamous)
⮚ Eq: present (oblique, caudally directed crest on the upper border of the medial surface) ⮚ Ru: indistinct (absent in small) ⮚ Ca: present
133
Processus muscularis shape (Os temporale: Pars squamous)
⮚ Eq: long rod ⮚ Ru: long rod with broad base ⮚ Ca: insignificant short thorn
134
Canalis alaris
⮚ Eq: present ⮚ Ru: absent ⮚ Ca: present
135
Lig.orbitale
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
136
Crista nuchae
ca – have eq – have bo – missing, but have linea nuchae instead.
137
Linea nuchae
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
138
Crista saggitalis externa
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
139
Foramen lacerum
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing
140
Fissura petroocipitalis
ca – have eq – missing bo – have
141
Tentorium cerebelli osseum
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
142
Protuberantia occipitalis interna
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
143
Eminentia cruciformis
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
144
Crista partis petrosae
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
145
Canalis condylaris
ca – have eq – missing bo – have
146
Processus tentoricus
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
147
Tuberculum pharyngeum
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
148
Dorsum sellae
ca – have eq – missing bo – have
149
Sulcus caroticus
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
150
Foramen rotundum
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
151
Fissura orbitalis
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
152
Foramen orbitorotundum
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
153
Incisura carotica
ca – missing, have instead foramen caroticum. eq – have bo – missing
154
Foramen ovale
ca – have eq – missing bo – have
155
Incisura ovalis
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing
156
Foramen spinosum
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
157
Incisura spinosa
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing
158
Sulcus n. ophthalmici
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
159
Sulcus n. maxillaris
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
160
Sulcus nn. ophthalmici et maxillaris
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
161
Canalis alaris
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
162
Foramen alara parvum
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing
163
Crista pterygoidea
ca – missing eq – have bo – have
164
Incisura ethmoidalis
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing
165
Foramen supraorbitalis
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing, have instae canalis supraorbitalis.
166
Fossa glandulae lacrimalis
ca – missing eq – have bo – have
167
Foramen ethmoidale
ca – foramina ethmoidale: many foramens instead of a single one. eq – have bo – have
168
Processus cornualis
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
169
Impressio n. trigemini
ca – missing, have canalis n. trigemini instead. eq – have bo – have
170
Crista partis petrosae
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
171
Fossa subarcuata
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
172
Processus styloideus
ca – missing eq – have bo – have
173
Vagina processus styloidei
ca – missing eq – have bo – have
174
Canalis caroticus
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
175
Processus frontalis
ca – have eq – missing bo – have
176
Processus lacrimalis rostralis
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing
177
Processus lacrimalis caudalis
ca – missing eq – have bo – have
178
Bulla lacrimalis
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
179
Canalis interincisivus
ca – have eq – have bo – missing, have insteaed fissura interincisiva.
180
Tuber faciale
ca – missing eq – missing bo – have
181
Canalis maxilloincisivus
ca – have eq – have bo – missing
182
Processus frontalis
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
183
Spina nasalis caudalis
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
184
Canales palatini minores
ca – have eq – missing bo – have
185
Foramina palatina minora
ca – have eq – missing bo – have
186
Incisura vasorum facialium
ca – missing eq – have bo – have
187
Processus angularis
ca – have eq – missing bo – missing
188
Tuberositas m. sternomandibularis
ca – missing eq – have bo – missing
189
Angulus stylohyoideus
ca – missing eq – have bo – have
190
Processus lingualis
ca – missing eq – have bo – have

Interspecies differences - bones, muscles and ligaments (ca-eq-bo) (1 decks)

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