Bones Flashcards
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What makes up the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, and ligaments
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Structural support Protection Movement Mineral storage and release Hemopoiesis Energy storage
What are the three different types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Fibro
Elastic
What are some bipedal skeletal modifications?
plantigrade: walking heel to toe
digitigrade: walking on toes
Knees angled medially and llock
Bowl shaped pelvis to support insides
Curved spine for center of gravity
Narrow birth canal
What is the difference between male and female pelvises?
Male have an inward facing coccyx and a 90 degree arch
Female have an outward facing coccyx and a 120 degree arch
What happens in Cortical (Compact) Bone tissue?
Canaliculi bring nutrients and excretes waste
Lacunae make blood cells in the osteocytes
Describe Cancellous (Spongy) Bone
It is lighter and more susceptible to breaks
Found in carpals, tarsals, and at the end of long bones
Trabeculae
Porous struts made of collagen in the spongy bone
Bone Deposition
Done by osteoblasts and calcitonin
Bone Reabsorption
Done by osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone
Periosteum
Dense layer of vascular CT enveloping bones (except at joint surfaces)q
Epiphysis
Proximal and distal end of the bone
Spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bones
Diaphysis
Shaft
Made of compact bone
Marrow cavity (myeloid tissue)
Metaphysis
Between epiphysis and diaphysis
Contains epiphyseal growth plate
What happens to calcium levels in the hypocalcemic?
Parathyroid hormone will trigger osteoclasts to release calcium from the bone to restore calcium to homeostatic levels
Cofactor
A molecule needed for a reaction to work
Ex: Mg is Ca’s cofactor
What are the stages of fracture healing?
1st: Hematoma will form granulation tissue by tissues
2nd: Soft callus forms by the deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage
3rd: Hard callus forms when osteoblasts deposit a bony collar to unite the fracture while the injury ossifies
4th: Remodeling occurs when osteoclasts come and remove fragments and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone that will convert to compact bone
Greenstick Fracture
Incomplete break on a convex surface
Fissured Fracture
Incomplete longitudinal break
Comminuted Fracture
Broken into pieces
Transverse Fracture
Complete break at the axis of the bone at a 90 degree angle
Oblique Fracture
Break at an angle other than 90 degrees
Spiral Fracture
Break caused by twisting of the bone
