Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bones > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Bone type - Long bones and appendages

A

Appendicular (70%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bone type - eg skull/spine

A

Axial (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Spongy bone aka

A

Trabecular bone (high turnover)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compact bone aka

A

Cortical bone (low turnover)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

repeating units making up compact bone

A

osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hollow feature in osteon carrying vasculature

A

Haversian canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

concentric laminar layers of bone in osteon

A

lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

holes in osteons where osteocytes are found

A

lacuna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

canal system between lacuna in osteons for osteocytes to communicate

A

canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

95% of organic bone ECM

A

collagen (mainly type 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathology of scurvy

A

lack of vit C - unable to make x-links and stabilisers for triple helixes. Collagen made but immediately degrades - weak connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mutation of Type 1 collagen gene - weak bones

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mutation of Type III collagen gene - fragile skin and blood vessels

A

Ehlers-Danlos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mutation of Type II collagen - abnormal cartilage - bone and joint deformities

A

Chondrodysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bone Morphogenic Proteins

A

part of organic ECM - stimulate bone and cartilage formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

newly formed unmineralised (un-calcified) bone

A

Osteiod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dietary deficiency of calcium

A

rickets and osteomalacia

failure of osteoid to calcify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Osteoproginator

A

‘bone stem cells’
self replicate
differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone forming - deposit osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteoclasts

A

reabsorb bone for remodelling

remove bone by lysosomal enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osteoblast stimulants

bone forming

A

Parathyroid hormone

Vitamin D3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Regulator of bone formation/encourages reabsorption

A

RANKL

23
Q

Reduced production of osteoclasts (and therefore reduction in bone reabsorption) encouraged by

A

Osteoprotegerin (OPG)

It acts as a decoy to RANKL

24
Q

Which bones do not undergo endochondral ossification

A

skull and clavicles

25
Q

What is the name of the hyaline cartilage that is laid down embryonically as a blue print for endochondral ossification?

A

Perichondrium

26
Q

what change occurs when perichondrium is turned into periosteum?

A

collar of compact bone is formed around the diaphysis

27
Q

Where in a bone does primary ossification take place?

A

Diaphysis

28
Q

Where in a bone does secondary ossification take place?

A

Epiphysis

29
Q

what happens after the calcification of a matrix in the centre of a diaphysis?

A

The centre become impermeable to nutrients.

Cells die and a central cavity forms (this will become the medullary cavity)

30
Q

When does secondary ossification occur?

A

After birth

31
Q

During secondary ossification, osteoclasts degrade the remaining cartilage in most areas. Where on the bone does it not degrade cartilage?

A 
bone surface (to become articulate cartilage). 
growth plate (division between the epiphysis and diaphysis).
32
Q

What is the name of the meshwork of granulated tissue that fills the gap in a bone fracture?

A

Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus

33
Q

What process turns fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus into bony callus in a fracture repair?

A

ossification

34
Q

What are the stages of fracture repair?

A

Haematoma.
Fibrocartilaginous Callus.
Bony Callus.
Bone remodelling.

35
Q

Mutation of the gene for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) causes

A

Achondroplasia

36
Q

Achondroplasia pathology

A

Mutation in gene for fibroblast growth facto (FGF).
Fewer chondrocytes.
Early growth plate closure.
Reduced long bone growth.

37
Q

What are osteocytes formed from

A

osteoblasts - once they have surrounded themselves in bone.

38
Q

osteocytes

A

form from osteoblasts (osteoblasts get trapped within the bone layers they deposit, the environment becomes lacking in oxygen, and they change cell type to form osteocytes)

osteocytes have long processes allowing them to communicate with osteoblasts, osteoclasts and other osteocytes - THEY REGULATE THE BONE FORMATION AND REABSORPTION

Notably, they can sense when a bone is under mechanical loading and stimulate bone deposition in response (remember, tennis players with a thicker humerus on their strong arm!)

39
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Decrease friction
Shock absorption
Transport

40
Q

What is articular cartilage made up of?

A

Collagen (mostly type II)
Proteoglycans
Chondrocytes
Water

41
Q

What are Benninghoff Arcades?

A

Arcade arrangement of cells within deep layer of articular cartilage. It adds stability to the joint, especially when under compression.

42
Q

What type of collagen makes up most of cartilage?

A

type II

43
Q

What is type IX collagen used for in cartilage?

A

cross linking collagen fibres into a matrix.

44
Q

What is the most abundant proteoglycan in cartilage?

A

Aggrecan.

45
Q

Name 3 short cartilage proteoglycans

A

Decorin
Biglycan
Fibromodulin

46
Q

Describe the structure of an aggrecan molecule

A

Long core protein. Hyaluronan binding protein at one end (for aggregation) Glycosaminoglycan chains along the length.

47
Q

What are GAGs on proteoglycans?

A

Glycosaminoglycan chains.
Polysaccharide chains with high water affinity.
eg Keratin Sulphate (KS -Short)
Chondroitin Sulphate (CS - Long)

48
Q

What is an aggrecan aggregate?

A

numerous aggrecan molecules in articular cartilage, bound (by their hyaluronan binding proteins) to a hyaluronan molecule. These are linked to collagen by a cartilage mesh.

49
Q

Where is type I collagen found?

A

Skin, tendon.

50
Q

Where is type II collagen found?

A

cartilage

51
Q

Where is type III collagen found?

A

reticulate - connective tissue.

52
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

basement membrane

53
Q

What is Hyaluronan?

A

a glycosaminoglycan found on the membrane of chondrocytes in articular cartilage. Aggrecan forms an aggregate on it, onto which water is imbibed, giving the cartilage its shock absorbency.

Bones (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions