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MOHD2: Exam 3 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

osteoblasts secrete uncalcified bone matrix material known as what?

A

osteoid

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1
Q

region where ossification is occurring as cartilage erodes; includes entire spongy area beneath growth plate

A

metaphysis

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2
Q

____ cartilage is mostly made of type II collagen fibrils and functions as flexible skeleton (ie, external ear, auditory canals, epiglottis, larynx)

A

Elastic

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2
Q

binder of calcium to collagen I - mediates desposition of hydroyaptitie onto collagen

A

ostenoectin

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3
Q

Type of growth that occurs via the perichondrial chondrogenic layer, where cells are added to the outside of cartilage

A

appositional

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3
Q

these are non-mitotic cells that have become trapped in the matrix, whose components they secreted, and communicate via gap junctions

A

osteocytes

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4
Q

stem cells –> mesenchymal cells –> __________

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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4
Q

rounded portion at the end of the bone

A

epiphysis

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4
Q

type of bone development that is characterized by blood vessels invading mesenchyme, multiple ossification sites, and table lined diploe

A

intramembranous ossification

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5
Q

a condition that arises when there is either too much bone resorption or too little bone deposition

A

osteoporosis

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6
Q

a groove or cavity usually containing osteoclasts that occurs in bone which is undergoing resorption

A

howship’s lacuna

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6
Q

this bone growth disorder results from failure of normal endochondral bone formation, in which bones undergo normal appositional but abnormal longitudinal growth

A

achondroplasia

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7
Q

the long shaft of the bone

A

diaphysis

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9
Q

______ cartilage is primarily composed of type I collagen fibers, provides resistance to force, anchors tendons, and is sandwiched between the intervertebral discs.

A

Fibrous

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10
Q

which form of osteogenesis involves bone that is formed directly from primitive connective tissue? example?

A

intramembranous ossification; flat bones of skull

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10
Q

Secondary center(s) are established when vascular invasion occurs in distal portion(s) of bone at the ______ center.

A

epiphyseal

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12
Q

mitotic cells that are free on the surface of cartilage and secreting matrix and fibers

A

chondroblasts

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13
Q

Type __ collagen forms very thin fibrils and is most prevalent in cartilage

A

II

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13
Q

stem cell –> _______ –> chondroblast –> chondrocyte

A

mesenchymal cell

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14
Q

____ cartilage is mostly made up of type II collagen fibrils, provides cushion against force, and is the majority of the fetal skeleton

A

Hyaline

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14
Q

a condition in which blood supply to the bone is disrupted - either by excessive alcohol or steroid use, or a fracture that interrupts the supply

A

avascular necrosis

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15
Q

name 4 things that contribute to increasing the bone matrix

A

increased calcitonin (inhibits osteoclasts), estrogen, androgen, growth hormone

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16
Q

3 triggers of mineralization

A
  1. alkaline phosphatase 2. Ca++Pi concentration increases 3. nucleation sites
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18
Q

Non-mitotic ells that secrete bone consituents, collagen and matrix

A

osteoblasts

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20
Q

Type of growth that occurs only in the young, via chondrocytes dividing within lacunae

A

interstitial

21
Q

material being secreted by osteoblasts that has not yet mineralized

A

osteoid (pre-bone)

22
Q

organic (major) components of bone

A

Type 1 collagen Non-collagen binding proteins

23
Q

which one of the following cell types do not divide? A. stem cell B. chondroblast C. osteoclast D. osteogenic progenitor cell

A

osteoclast

24
Q

The outer fibrous layer of the perichondrium contains ______ that are producing type __ collagen

A

fibroblasts, type I

25
Q

Bone growth in length is _______. Bone growth in width is _________.

A

endochondral; intramembranous

26
Q

Bone marrow is found in the ____ bone, where the surface area to volume ratio is much higher and is much less dense than _____ bone.

A

cancellous (trabecular); compact

27
Q

Collagen fibers are embedded in a proteoglycan rich ground substance and contain space-filling, negatively charged, water-binding, sulfated ______ side chains.

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

27
Q

type 1 collagen, proteoglycans, non-collagenous proteins and glycoproteins are all examples of _____

A

osteoids

28
Q

name 2 things that lead to loss of bone matrix

A

increased parathyroid hormone, excess thyroxine

29
Q

Non-sulfated GAG that tethers together many proteoglycans via link proteins

A

hyaluronan

30
Q

primary center of ossification

A

diaphysis

31
Q

what are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. capillary grows into tissue 2. surrounding mesenchymal cells become osteogenic and differentiate into osteoblasts, which secrete matrix 3. matrix calcifies and osteoblasts become osteocytes, which form canaliculi 4. spicules form and enlarge to trabeculae 5. immature (woven) bone is replaced by mature (lamellar) bone. 6. subsequently, two plates of bone (tables) develop on the periphery 7. tables are separated by diplöe (spongy bone)
32
Q

this bone growth disorder results from a lack of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate, and is characterized by excess osteoid and skeletal deformities

A

rickets (osteomalacia)

34
Q

These cells play an important role in bone resorption and are derived from myeloid progenitors.

A

osteoclasts

35
Q

area of hyaline cartilage that continues to proliferate, thereby preventing fusion of metaphysis and bony epiphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

37
Q

____ cartilage makes up the costal and articular cartilages and epihphyseal plates.

A

Hyaline

39
Q

Cartilage growth factor produced in the liver

A

somatomedin C

40
Q

_____ is important for the formation of collagen and stimulates alkaline phosphatase

A

TGF-beta

41
Q

what are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. capillary grows into perichondrium 2. inner cells of perichondrium become osteoblasts which begin secreting matrix and forming a bone collar 3. capillaries invade cartilage @ midpoint of shaft 4. chondrocytes hypertrophy and cartilage calcifies/disintegrates 5. primary, and later secondary, sites of ossification are esablished 6. bone grows in length and width with resorption occurring concomitantly
43
Q

inorganic components of bone

A

hydroxyapatite crystals amorphous CaPO4

45
Q

Type I, II and III collagen all may form thin collagen _____.

A

fibrils

46
Q

Haversian canals are found in the _____ bone layer only.

A

compact

48
Q

____ ____ (or osteons) provide a route for blood supply to the compact bone

A

Haversian canals

49
Q

which form of osteogensis involves bone that is formed in preexisting cartilage? give examples.

A

endochondral ossification; vertebral column, pelvis, extremities

50
Q

a genetic condition resulting in abnormally dense bone, due to insufficient osteoclast activity (specifically, their loss of ruffled borders)

A

osteopetrosis

51
Q

this bone growth disorder results from inadequate growth hormone and too few chondrocytes

A

pituitary dwarfism

52
Q

Bone deposition occurs at which 3 places?

A

1) periphery of bony epiphysis 2) metaphysis (part that borders growth plate) 3) under periosteum in diaphysis

53
Q

this bone growth disorder results from lack of vitamin C and decreased collagen and results in thin bones

A

scurvy

54
Q

Types __ and ___ collagen fibrils can form bigger fibers

A

I, III

55
Q

The ________ layer of the perichondrium contains ________that can be induced to divide by growth factors like somatomedin C.

A

chondrogenic, chondroblasts

56
Q

the region between the epiphysis and diaphysis

A

metaphysis

57
Q

type of ossification that is important in repair of bone fracture

A

endochondral

58
Q

_______ are chondroblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they secrete, and are affixed to the collagen matrix via an adhesive glycoprotein called ________.

A

chondrocytes; chondronectin

59
Q

states that weight bearing and forces exerted by muscle affect the internal architecture of the bone

A

Wolff’s law

60
Q

mesenchymal cell –> _________ –> osteoblast –> osteocyte

A

osteogenic progenitor cell

MOHD2: Exam 3 (10 decks)

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