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Human Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Apophysis

A

A tubercle of bone that contributes to its growth but is the point of strong tendon insertion and usually has a ossification center. Ex- Greater Trochanter

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2
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Epiphyseal covering; Is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage over the articular surface of bone to provide a bearing surface fo joint and respond to shear and compressive forces.

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3
Q

Bone Marrow

A

An organ that manufactures the formed element of blood (Hematopoiesis). Including Erythrocytes(RBC), lymphocytes(WBC) and platelets. Its a network of connective tissue filled w/ blood vessels that form and develop blood corpuscles and is found in proximal epiphyses of humeri and femora, ribs, the sternum, and cancelous bone of vertebre. There or two types. Red marrow and Yellow Marrow ( Found in the medullary cavity in adults and Contains fatty marrow).

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4
Q

Bone Matrix

A

The extracellular substance of bone composed of collageous fibers embedded in an amorphous ground substance and inorganic salts.

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5
Q

Calcium

A

A necessary mineral that, in combination w/ Phosphorus, forms Calcium phosphate ( Apatite crystals), which is the dense, hard material of bones and teeth. It is the most abundant mineral in the body and the skeleton serves as the main supply center fo calcium storage. Ca is critical in the function of muscles, nerves, blood coags, and heart beat.

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6
Q

Cambium Layer

A

Loose cellular inner layer of he periosteal tissue; involved in the intramembranous ossification of bone.

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7
Q

Canaliculus

A

Communicating, narrow tubular channel between osteocytes in bone.

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8
Q

cancellous Bone

A

Spongy, porous, latticelike osseous tissue.

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9
Q

Condyle

A

Prominence at the widened end of long bones that function as attachment sites for ligaments, tendons, or muscle. Ex- Femoral Condyles or Humeral Condyles

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10
Q

Cortical Bone

A

Compact Bone

-Thick, dense outer portion of bone that surround the medullary cavity.

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11
Q

Cutting-back zone

A

In growing bone, the zone just metaphyseal to the growth plate, where the diameter of bone is being narrowed.

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12
Q

Cutting Cone

A

One means of bone remodeling, cone-appearing blood vessel as seen in logitudinal microsopic section; Osteroclasts can be seen absorbing bone at the head of the cone

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13
Q

Diaphysis

A

The thick, compact, midportion of long bones, providing strong support.

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14
Q

Enchondral Bone

A

Catolage Bone, Substitution Bone

-Bone that forms by replacing a cartilage precursor, either cartlage growth plate or from cartilage in fx callus;

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15
Q

Endosteum

A

The lining of the trabecular bone and cortical bone that is w/in the medullary canal or cavity.

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

The bulbous growth end of a long bone, usually wider than the shaft and entirely cartilaginous or seprated from the metaphysic by cartilaginous disk.

  • The Epiphysis is a part of the bone formed from 2ndary center of ossification at the end of long bones, margins of flate bones, and at the tubercles and processes.
  • During growth, the epiphyses are seprated from the main portion of bone by cartilage ( Physis or Epiphyseal plate.
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17
Q

Pressure Epiphyseal

A

A 2ndary center of ossification in the articular end of long bone w/ articular elements subjecter to pressure.

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18
Q

Traction Epiphyseal

A

A 2ndary ossification center at the site of attachment of a tendon and subjected to traction. Contributes to shape. ex- Apophysis

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19
Q

Facet

A

Flat, platelicke surace of a bone that acts as part of a joint; Facets are seen in vertebrae and form facet joints and in the subtalar joint of the ankle.

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20
Q

Flate bones

A

Bent or curved rather than flate, thse bones protect viscera and other soft tissues, and include the pelvis, ribs, and Scapula.

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21
Q

Haversian Canals

A
  • One of the minute vascular canals running running vertically with Compact osteonal bone;
  • Part of an important vascular system to widely spearated osteo cells.
  • Is composed of Haversian canals, surrounding lamellae, connecting canaliculi, and lacunae.
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22
Q

Volkmann Canals

A

Lateral branches of canals for minute vascular system.

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23
Q

Howship Lacuna

A

Microscopicarea of bone resorption that occurs on the surface of bone, resulting from activity.
-Microscopically resembles a small pit on the edge of bone surfave ( Resorption pit )

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24
Q

Isthmus

A

Narrow portion of the canal in the long bone

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25
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

Mature bone that results from the remolding of immature bone into highly organized and stress-oriented of collagen.

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26
Q

Line

A

A less prominment ridge on bone. Ex- Iliopectineal line

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27
Q

Medullary canal

A

The canal in the center of a bone shaft containing red marrow or yellow(fatty) marrow in adults and cancellous bone

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28
Q

Membranous bone

A

Collagen model bone that is formed directly from periosteum, w/in a connective tissue membrane. Ex- The Skull.

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29
Q

Metaphysis

A

The widen portion of long bone between the Diaphysis and Physis. This portion of bone represents the most recently formed bone (growth sone). w/ closure of the phyisis, it is continuous w/ the epiphysis.

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30
Q

Ossification

A

-The process of forming bone-

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31
Q

Osseous

A

Term used to refer to bony matter

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32
Q

Ossiferous

A

Implies that bone is being produced

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33
Q

Ossific

A

refers to the presence of bone

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34
Q

Osteoid

A

Refers to the uncalcified bone matrix

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35
Q

Osteoblast

A

A bone forming cell; cells that produce osteoid ( bone matrix), composed predominantly of type 1 callagen and a number of proteins

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36
Q

Osteoclast

A

Multi-bone cell that resorbs bone matrix, under the influence of the parathyroid.

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37
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells; Are osteoblast that are incase in bone matrix thats been calcifed( Lacunae), w/ cellular extension ( canaliculi). Forming concentic layers of lamellae forming a unit called osteon.

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38
Q

osteonal Bone

A

Microscopic description of bone seen in matured adults that is highly organized in response to stress-related growth.

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39
Q

Osteon

A

-Is a single unit of osteonal bone and represents a central vascular channel surrounded by layers of circumferential lamellar bone.

40
Q

Periosteum

A

Is a dense irregular two layer connective tissue divided into an outer “fibrous layer” and inner “cambium layer” (or “osteogenic layer”).

  • The fibrous layer(outer) contains fibroblasts,
  • Cambium layer (Inner) contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone
  • Has nociceptive nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply to the body from the marrow. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey’s fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons.
41
Q

Physis

A

Cartilage between the Epiphysis or Apophysis, Repressents the longitudinal growth of long bones.

42
Q

Epiphyseal Cartilage

A

may refer to the cartilage lining the joint; also called Growth Plate and Epiphyseal Plate.

43
Q

Resting Zone

A

Zone of cartilage cells w/ little metabolic activity and no cell division

44
Q

Proliferating Zone

A

Columnar Zone

-Zone of cell replication where cells stacked in longitudinal rows;

45
Q

Hypertrophic Zone

A

Zone where cells become enlarged.

46
Q

Zone of Provisional Calcification

A

Calcium appears in matrix, and beyond this point, invading blood vessels appear w/ osteo cells on surface of calcifed cartilage

47
Q

Atavistic Epiphyseal

A

A bone that fuses naturally ti another bone as in the coracoid process of the scapula.

48
Q

Punctum Ossificationis

A

Punctum Ossications Primarium

-The point of ossification( center) where bone begins to form the shaft; In long bones, the Diaphysis

49
Q

Secondary Center of Ossification

A

Punctum Ossificationis Secundarium
-A center of bone formation that appears later, on the joint side of the growth plate where the center of ossification is a part of bone that has strong muscle attachment outside the diaphysis.

50
Q

Sesamoid

A

A small, roundish bone found in tendons ( and some muscles), whose function is to increase movement in a joint by improving angle of approach of tendon into its insertion. Ex- Patella

51
Q

Spongiosa

A

-Term applied to cancellous or trabecular bone typicaly in the Metaphysis.

52
Q

Primary Spongiosa

A

Is applied to the Spicular bone in growth plates that forms on the surface of calcified cartilage on the bone side of the physis. and remodels into Trabecular Bone.

53
Q

Subchondral Bone

A

Bone directly under any cartilagious surface

54
Q

Trabecula

A

Cancellous Bone
-A type of bone that is in small interconnected spicules, normally refered to as trabecular bone. Predominantly makes up ends of long bones.

55
Q

Trabecular Pattern

A

Refers to the arrangment of the trabeculae of bone such that, when seen on X-ray or in cross section, there is a pattern of arches, providing the structural needs of bone.

56
Q

Tubercle and Tuberosity

A

Tubercle(small) , tuberosity ( large): Are rounded, elecated projection of bone giving attachment to a muscle or ligament

57
Q

Woven Bone

A

Wormain Bone, Fiber Bone
-Immature bone seen in very eraly grwoth and development, Fx healing, and in some disease states.
Two types Coarse Woven Bone and Fine Woven bone

58
Q

Coarse Woven Bone

A

Burlap Bone

-Rapidly developing woven bone w/ coarse-appearing matrix

59
Q

Fine Woven Bone

A

Linen Bone

-Bone w/ smooth-appearing matrix but is not lamellar

60
Q

Bursa Sac

A

A synovial fluid sac tha helps tendons and muscles to glide over bone at the sjoint outside the synovial fluids.

61
Q

Joint Capsule

A

The general fibrous and ligamentous tissue that act as encasement and enclosure of a joint

62
Q

Cartilage

A

Strong, smooth covering that covers the ends of articular surface of bones. Hyaligen and firbocartilage

63
Q

Meniscus

A

A cresent-shaped fibrocartilage disk between joint surface.

64
Q

Synovium

A

Inner lining of a joint cavity that is a one-or two-layer cell membrane ( synovial membrane ) on a bed of fat.

65
Q

Ball-&-Socket Joint

A

Spheroidal joint
-A main point of articulation where a ball type bone end ( head) articulats w/ a cup shape. Allows for a wide range of motion, but tends to be less stable than other joints.
Ex- Glenohumeral joint and acetabulofemoral joint

66
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Ginglymus
-is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane.

67
Q

Clavicle

A

(Cleido-) Collar bone. Latin: clavicula (“little key”)

  • A flat bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum.
  • Articulations-Acriomioclavicular (A/C), Sernoclavicular Joint
  • Parts-Medial and lateral ends, subclavian Groove, Costal and Coracoacromial tuberosity.
68
Q

Humerus

A

Latian= umerus-meaning upper arm

  • The Long bone of the upper Arm
  • Articulation= Glenohumeral, radiohumeral, and Ulnohumeral Joints
  • Parts= Anatomical Neck, Head, Greater tuberosity, lesser Tuberosity, Biceps Groove, Surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity, Radial groove, Medial and lateral Supracondylar ridged, Medial and lateral epicondyles, Condlys, Trochela, Capitulum, Coronoid fossa, Radial Fossa, Olecranon Fossa.
69
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder Blade

  • Articulation= Glenohumeral and Acromoclavicular joints
  • Parts= Acromion, spine, supraspinous/infraspinous and subscapular fossa, Coracoid, Medial/lateral and superior boarder, Superior/lateral and inferior angles, Neck,Glenoid and fossa, Supra/Infraglenoid Tubercle.
70
Q

Radius

A

Latin for Ray, Is one of two long forearm bones.

  • Articulations= Distal Radioulnar Joint(DRUJ), Proximal Radioulna joint, Radiohumeral , and Scaphoid and lunate.
  • Parts=Radial Head, Neck, Tuberosity, Styloid process, ulnar notch,
71
Q

Ulna

A

Latin for Elbow; Is on of two long bones in the forearm.

  • Articulations= DRUJ, Proximal RUJ, humeral ulnar joint.
  • Parts: Olecranon, Coronoid Process, Trochlar Groove, Radial notch, Tuberosity, Unlna styloid, Supinator Fossa and crest, Head
72
Q

Carpal Bones

A

Greek Carpus= Wrist; Are the eight bones of the wrist of two rows of four.

  • Proximal row- Scaphoid(navicular), Lunate(semilunar), Triquetrum(Triangular) and Pisiform
  • Distal Row; Trapezium(Greater multangular), Trapezoid(lesser Multiangular), Capitate(Os Magnum), and Hamate (Unciform)
73
Q

Metacarpals

A

The five long bones of the hand ( palm) and artiuclate Proximal w/ the carpals and distal with the Phalages. Are numbered 1-5 from radial to unla. CMC joint and MCP joint.

74
Q

Phalanges

A

(Phalanx,sing.) are the bones of the fingers. The 1st digit only has Proximal and distal. Digits 2-5 have Proximal, miedial and distal. Joints MCP, PIP, and DIP

75
Q

Pelvis

A

-The pelvic skeleton is formed posteriorly (in the area of the back), by the sacrum and the coccyx and laterally and anteriorly (forward and to the sides), by a pair of bones consists of 3 sections, ilium, ischium, and pubis.

76
Q

Ala of the Ilium

A

The outer flair of the ilium; resembles a wing

77
Q

Anterior inferior Iliac spine

A

Prominence in the deep ilium just above the hip origin of rectus femoris

78
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

The large notch on the posterior surface of the ilium below the posteroinferior iliac spine where the sciatic nerve exits.

79
Q

Gluteal lines

A

Refers to the three curved lines across the outer surface of the ilium; Anteriorly, posteriorly, and In feriorly

80
Q

Iliac Crest

A

The outer uppermost margins of the ilium, two of the four iliac spines arise from the crest,.

81
Q

Anterior Superior Iliac spin

A

Is the origin of the oblique abd muscles and sartorius

82
Q

posterior Superior Iliac spine

A

Is a part of the origin of gluteus maximus

83
Q

ilium

A

Wide platelike bone that forms the top of the pelvis just below the waist line; generally referred to as the Hips

84
Q

Inferior pubic ramus

A

Lower portion of the pupis

85
Q

Innominate Bone

A

Another named for the pevlic bone.Composed of the 3 fused bony subunits; Ilium, pubis, and ischium, that are attached to the sacrum and coccyx to form the pelvis.

86
Q

Ischial Spine

A

Prominence of bone of strong ligamentous attachment above the tuberosity; Main signigicance is in obstetrics

87
Q

Ischial Tuberosity

A

The Prominents, hard portion of the bone at the base of the ischium, felt when sitting erect

88
Q

ischium

A

A U-shape bone of the lower part of the pelvis, which forms a ring

89
Q

Obturator Foramen

A

Refers to the large opening of the innominate bone almost enterely occluded by the obturatir membrane. Bordered by the pubic ramus superiorly and the ischial ramus inferiorly: Obturator Internus and externus; also pertains to the nerves and vessels

90
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

A general term that denotes the entire bilateral bony pelvis; The rings that the pelvis makes w/ its articulation to the sacrum is called the Pelvic Ring

91
Q

Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine

A

Prominence of the posterior inferior lower margin of the joint w/ the sacrum; attachment site of ligaments

92
Q

Pubis

A

The anterior incrased shape of bone of the pelvis.

93
Q

Symphysis Pubis

A

Pubic bone- Where both of the Pubis meet each other

94
Q

Sacroiliac

A

The Joint space between the sacrum and Ilium on each side; Junction of the pelvis spine

95
Q

Superior pubic Ramus

A

Top portion of the pubic bone

96
Q

Femur

A

The largest Long bone in the body, that makes up the upper portion of the legs.
Aritculations: Acetabulofemoral and Tibiofemoral Joints
Parts: Head, Greater and lesser Trochanters, neck, Intertrachanteric,Intertrochanteric crest, Fovea capitis, pectineal Line, gluteal tuberosity, Linea aspera, Shaft/body, Medial/lateral epicondyles, Medial/lateral condyle, Intercondyle fossa, Patellar Groove.

Human Anatomy (2 decks)

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