Bones Flashcards
Contains primary muscles of the equine head, ear muscles and functions , other head muscles
What are articular projections of bones?
Bone structures present at joints that form articulations (e.g., head of femur).
What are articular depressions?
Concave areas present at joints that receive projections from other bones (e.g., glenoid cavity of the scapula)
What are non-articular projections?
Bone projections located outside joints that serve as muscle, tendon, and ligament attachment points (e.g., epicondyle, spine, crest).
What are non-articular depressions?
Depressions that provide spaces for passage of nerves, blood vessels, and muscle lodging (e.g., fossa, foramen)
Define the following bone projections
- Head → A rounded articular projection (e.g., head of femur).
- Condyle → A rounded process at the end of a bone, forming a joint (e.g., femur and tibia articulation).
- Epicondyle → A bony prominence above a condyle, serving as a muscle attachment point.
- Trochlea → A pulley-like structure allowing smooth joint movement (e.g., groove at the end of the humerus).
What are articular projections of bones?
Bone structures that form joints and allow movement (e.g., head, trochlea, condyle)
What are articular depressions?
Concave areas at joints that receive another bone (e.g., glenoid cavity of the scapula)
What are non-articular projections?
- Tuberosity → A lump or swelling (e.g., deltoid tuberosity).
- Trochanter → A large prominence for muscle attachment (e.g., femur trochanter).
- Spine/Crest → A sharp ridge (e.g., scapular spine).
- Process → A bony projection for muscle attachment (e.g., coracoid process of scapula).
What are non-articular depressions?
- Fossa → A shallow depression (e.g., subscapular fossa).
- Foramen → A hole in a bone allowing passage for nerves and blood vessels (e.g., foramen magnum)
What is the spine of the scapula?
A bony ridge where muscles attach to the scapula
What is the cartilage of prolongation?
A cartilaginous extension at the end of the scapula, mineralized in horses
What are the key anatomical structures of the humerus?
- Deltoid tuberosity → Muscle attachment site.
- Lateral condyle & epicondyle → Rounded structures at the bottom of the humerus, aiding articulation
What is the patella?
Also known as the stifle joint, it is a true knee structure with two layers of bone
hat is the accessory carpal bone, and why is it important?
- A palpable carpal bone, easily located in live horses.
- Important for anatomical reference in diagnosing injuries.
How are carpal bones arranged in the horse?
- Bottom row: 2nd and 3rd carpal bones.
- Middle row: Intermediate carpal.
- Top row: Radial and ulnar carpal.
How many metacarpals does a horse have, and what happened to them?
- Horses have four metacarpals.
- 2nd and 4th metacarpals are vestigial (small, non-functional).
- Some smaller metacarpals fuse with the main one.
What are sesamoid bones (navicular bones), and why are they important?
- Small bones in the foot that reduce friction.
- Lack of blood supply can cause navicular disease (lameness in horses)
What are the three main bones that form the digits?
- Proximal phalanx (top) → Known as the navicular bone.
- Middle phalanx.
- Distal phalanx (bottom).
What is unique about the horse’s hindlimb?
- Third trochanter developed to enhance speed.
- Elongation of limbs for greater stride efficiency.
What is the structure of the pelvis in horses?
- The pelvis consists of six fused bones.
- Main bones:
Ilium (front).
Pubis.
Ischium.
What are the three major pelvic landmarks?
- Tuber sacrale.
- Tuber coxae.
- Tuber ischii.
What are the key bones of the tarsal (hock) joint?
- Calcaneus.
- Talus.
- Central tarsal bone.
- 1st & 5th tarsal bones (fused at the back).
- 3rd and 4th tarsal bones.
What are the three major regions of the spine?
- Cervical (neck).
- Thoracic (mid-back, rib cage).
- Lumbar/Sacral (lower back and pelvis).
What is the sacrum, and what is its function?
- A fused vertebral structure running through the pelvis.
- Provides stability and support for the hindlimbs.
