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Comparative Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Hard, semi-rigid, calcified connective tissue
forming the skeleton

A

Bones

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2
Q

 Found mainly in the
limbs

 Has a body/shaft
called diaphysis and
two ends called the
epiphyses

A

Long bones (ossa longa)

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3
Q

 Carpal (wrist), tarsal
(ankle)
 Associated with the
spread of pressure
exerted in these
regions
 Sesamoid bones

A

short bones (ossa brevis)

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4
Q

 Found in the
thoracic and pelvic
girdles and in the
head
 Weigh less

A

Flat bones (ossa plana)

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5
Q

 Vertebral column
and bones of the
skull
 For muscular and
ligamentous
attachment
 With projecting
processes

A

Irregular bones (ossa
iregulata)

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6
Q

2 forms of bones based on
structure

A

 Cancellous or
spongy bone
 Compact bone

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7
Q

epiphyses in young:

A

epiphyseal
plate

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8
Q

hollow portion of long bones

A

Medullary cavity

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9
Q

Young

A

red marrow

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10
Q

Adult

A

red and yellow
marrow (fat)

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11
Q

compact bone
surrounding the shaft of
the long bone

A

Cortex

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12
Q

Layer of specialized connective tissue covering
the outer surface of the bone

A

Periosteum

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13
Q

thin fibrous membrane that lines the medullary
cavity and osteonal (Haversian) canals of a bone

A

Endosteum

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14
Q

Inflammation of the
growth plates in the
long bones of
growing foals

A

Physitis / physeal dysplasia

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15
Q

3 Major Groups of the
Skeletal System

A

 Axial
 Appendicular
 Visceral

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16
Q

 Skull, vertebral column, ribs & sternum

A

Axial

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17
Q

 Thoracic & pelvic limbs

A

Appendicular

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18
Q

 Baculum or os penis (dogs) , ossa cordis (ox and sheep),
os rostri (pigs)

A

Visceral

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19
Q

Common sites of luxation in horses:

A
  • stifle/patella
  • hock
  • fetlock
  • pastern
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20
Q

A relatively common
developmental disease that
affects the cartilage and bone in
the joints of horses.

It causes clinical signs of disease in 5-25% of all horses and can occur in all horse breeds.

A

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
Osteochondrosis

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21
Q

Common sites of osteochondrosis : Horse

A
  • Shoulder
  • Stifle
  • Hock
  • Fetlock
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22
Q

Common sites of osteochondrosis : Ox

A
  • Poll/Pin bones
  • Shoulder (Proximal end of the humerus)
  • Elbow (Distal end of the ulna)
  • Stifle
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23
Q

Osteochondrosis in Dogs

A

common in giant & large breeds

(ie Great Dane, Labrador, Rottweilers)

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24
Q

Osteochondrosis in Cattle

A

male, purebred

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25
Q

Weight distribution of
horse

A

Forelimb 58%
Hindlimb 42%

Average horse weight: 1,050 lbs or 476.272 kgs

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26
Q

Weight distribution of ox

A

Forelimb 60%
Hindlimb 40%

Average ox weight: 1,390 lbs or 630.4934 kgs

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27
Q

Bony orbit: complete

A

horse and ruminants

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28
Q

Bony orbit: incomplete

A

carnivores but is completed by the orbital ligament

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29
Q

Facial crest

A

horses - the ridge on the lateral surface of the face

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30
Q

Facial tuberosity

A

ruminants - the process on the lateral surface of the face

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31
Q

Cornual process

A

horned ruminants - the process of the frontal bone of the horned ruminants that is enclosed by the horn

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32
Q

Temporal fossa

A

ruminants
pushed to the lateral side of the skull by the frontal bone

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33
Q

Foramen orbitorotondum

A

ruminant and pig
joining of the round and orbital foramina of other species

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34
Q

Interparietal bone

A

horses and cats

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35
Q

Frontal & Rostral bones (Pre-nasal)

A

Pig - os rostri

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36
Q

Cephalic index (CI)

A

The ratio of the maximum width of the head (A) multiplied by 100 divided by the head’s maximum length (B)

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37
Q

Dolichocephalic

A

CI < 50

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38
Q

Mesocephalic

A

50 < CI < 60

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39
Q

Brachycephalic

A

60 < CI = Short-headed

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40
Q

localized, chronic, progressive, granulomatous abscess that most frequently involves the mandible, the maxillae, or other bony tissues in the head

A

“Lumpy Jaw” or
Actinomycoses

Actinomycoses bovis

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41
Q

treatment of choice in
ruminant actinomycosis.

A

sodium iodide

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42
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinus
Cornual Diverticulum

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43
Q

Conchofrontal sinus &
Frontomaxillary opening

A

horse

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44
Q

Maxillary recess

A

dog

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45
Q

Rostral & caudal maxillary
sinus

A

Horse

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46
Q

Insertion of lavage systems for treatment of primary sinusitis
Sinuscopy

A

Trephination

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47
Q

Lacrimal bulla

A

(ruminants)

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48
Q

HYOID APPARATUS

A

 Stylohyoid bone
 Epihyoid bone
 Ceratohyoid bone
 Basihyoid bone
 Thyrohyoidbone

49
Q

Stylohyoid bones are not palpable.

A

Carnivores

50
Q

Epihyoid is small, the lingual process is present and they
have a well developed stylohyoid muscle.

A

Equine

51
Q

Lingual process is present.

A

Ruminants, Porcine

52
Q

have 5-7 neck vertebrae

A

Two-toed sloths (Choloepus)

53
Q

have 8 or 9 neck vertebrae

A

Three-toed sloths (Bradypus)

54
Q

has 6 cervical
vertebra

A

manatee

55
Q

Caused by stenosis of cervical
vertebral canal causing in a
“lazy” or “drunk”-like walk of
horses

A

Wobbler Syndrome, Equine
Sensory Ataxia (Canine
Wobbler in dogs)

56
Q

Overriding spinous process,
affected bone is removed in triangular shaped wedges

A

Horse

57
Q

Clavicle is separate, non-articulating bone

A

Cat

58
Q

rudimentary clavicle

A

Dog

59
Q

Clavicle is absent

A

Horse and Ox

60
Q

Absent acromion

A

horse and pig

61
Q

Spinal tuber – bony enlargement of the scapular spine

A

horse and pig

62
Q

Scapular cartilage – narrow band in the dog

A

In ungulates, the dorsal border is extended by a scapular
cartilage, which enlarges the area for muscle attachment.
This ossifies with age.

63
Q

Cat also possesses a _____ which lies proximal to the acromion and projects caudally.

A

suprahamate process

64
Q

Humerus meets the radius via trochlea

A

large animals

65
Q

Humerus articulates with
the ulna medially via a trochlea and the radius laterally via a capitulum

A

dogs and cats

66
Q

Varus

A

Bow-legged

67
Q

Vagus

A

Knock kneed

68
Q

Ulna - fuses with the radius: therefore these animals cannot supinate or pronate their forearm.

A

horse and ruminant

69
Q

Radius - Ulna: not fused: allowing pronation and supination

A

carnivores and pig

70
Q

Styloid process of ulna - the distal
epiphysis of the ___’s ulna is
fused with the radius, and in
essence becomes a part of the
radius.

A

horse

71
Q

has the “generalized” carpus of the 8 bones

A

Pig

72
Q

conforms to the generalized pattern of 8 bones
unless the 1st carpal bone is missing, or rarely if a fifth
one is present.

A

Horse

73
Q

have 7 carpal bones due to fusion of the radial and intermediate carpal bones to form the dog’s
“radial” carpal bone.

A

Dog and cat

74
Q

has 6 carpal bones. The 1st carpal bones is missing and the 2nd and 3rd carpal bones are fused.

A

Ruminant

75
Q

: has 4 metacarpal bones. The 1
st metacarpal bone (McI) is
missing. Metacarpal bones II and V (McII and McV) are greatly reduced and don’t
bear weight. The weight is borne by metacarpals III and IV (McIII and McIV).

A

Pig metacarpal bones

76
Q

has 3 metacarpal bones, the 1st and 5th are missing.

A

Horse metacarpal bones

77
Q

the common name for the greatly reduced metacarpal bones II
and IV (McII and McIV). The splints end distally in small swellings called the “buttons of the splints”

A

Splint bones

78
Q

the common name for the large metacarpal III (McIII). it is the
only metacarpal bone to articulate with the digit.

A

Cannon bone

79
Q

2 metacarpal bones. The 1st and 2nd (McI and McII) are missing and the 3rd and 4th are fused.

A

Ruminant metacarpal bones

80
Q

the common name forfused metacarpal bones III and IV.

A

Large metacarpal bone (cannon bone)

81
Q

the common name for the greatly reduced metacarpal bone V (McV)

A

Small metacarpal bone

82
Q

digits: 4 digits,2 weight-bearing and 2 non-weight-bearing. The 1st digit is missing.
The 2nd and 5th digits are vestiges (improbable to find) externally manifested as horny
dew claws behind the fetlock.

A

Ox

83
Q

3rd and 4th digits: fully developed weight-bearing digits consisting of 3 phalanges and
3 sesamoid bones

A

Ox

84
Q

the long pastern in the horse

A

Proximal phalanx

85
Q

the short pastern

A

Middle phalanx

86
Q

the coffin bone

A

Distal phalanx

87
Q

the proximal at the metacarpophalangeal joint and one distal
interphalangeal joint for each digit

A

Sesamoid bones

88
Q

digits: 4 digits, the 1st is missing. The 2nd and the 5th are reduced and do not bearweight and are called dew claws. They are fully formed except that they lack a distalsesamoid bone. The main digits (3rd and 4th) consist of 3 phalanges, 2 proximal sesamoids and 1 distal sesamoid.

A

Pigs

89
Q

digits: one digit per limb supporting Mc III.

A

Horse

90
Q

Amputation
of digit

A

Cattle

91
Q

is a horseman’s term for osteoarthritis, or bony
arthritis, of the pastern and/or coffin joints—ringbonein
the pastern joint is called high ringbone, and in the coffin
joint low ringbone. Arthritis is any condition that causes
inflammation of the joint

A

Ringbone

92
Q

a very common cause of ringbone

A

Osteoarthitis, also poor shoeing

93
Q

ringbone around metacarpal/metatarsal bone

A

Osselets

94
Q

Treatment for Ringbone

A

Shoeing and NSAIDs
Surgery

95
Q

Buttress foot

A

Horse

96
Q

an inflammation or
degeneration of the navicular
bone and its surrounding
tissues, usually on the front
feet.

A

Navicular disease in horse

97
Q

is ossification of
the collateral cartilages of
the distal phalanx; it occurs
most often in the lateral
cartilage

A

Pedal osteitis / Sidebones

98
Q

Pedal osteitis / Sidebones : It is most common in the forefeet of

A

heavy horses working on
hard surfaces

Repeated
concussion to the quarters
of the feet is purported to
be the cause.

99
Q

Osteitis/ Sidebones treatment

A

 Box rest
 NSAIDs

100
Q

Trochlear tubercle - the large prominence on the medial ridge of the patellar surface in the ____ The patella locks over this
surface when the stay apparatus is in use.

A

horse

101
Q

Third trochanter is absent in

A

ruminants

102
Q

the tibia and
fibula are not fused.

A

Carnivores and pig

103
Q

the head of the fibula
fuses to the tibia.

A

Ruminants

104
Q

the fibula is a reduced bone
that reaches only half way down the tibia.

A

Horse

105
Q

have
7 tarsal bones

A

Carnivores and pigs

106
Q

have 5 tarsal bones due to fusion of 4 bones to form 2 bones- centroquartal bone (fused central and 4th) and fused 2nd and 3rd

A

Ruminants

107
Q

has six tarsal bones due to fusion of 2 bones
- fused 1st and 2nd

A

Horses

108
Q

have 2 trochlea to their talus

A

Ruminant and pig

109
Q

the 1st metatarsal bone is even more reduced than in the front limb and the 1st digit (dew claw) is often absent.

A

Carnivores

110
Q

the 5th metatarsal bone is absent. A metatarsal sesamoid bone is present and is often called the “small metatarsal” or metatarsal II.

A

Ruminants

111
Q

Injuries in horses

A

Knock down hip
Mid shaft fractures

112
Q

 a bony growth within the lower hock joint of horse or cattle
 caused by osteoarthritis, and the degree of lameness that results can be serious enough to end a horse’s competitive career

A

Bone spavin

113
Q

Vertebral formula of fowl skeleton

A

C13, T7, L+S14 & C5 = 39

114
Q

The skull is divided into
two regions

A
  1. Rounded cranium
  2. Conical facial region
115
Q

The shoulder girdle:

A
  1. Scapula
  2. Coracoid
  3. Clavicle (wishbone/furcula)
116
Q

The wing

A
  1. The upper arm – or humerus
  2. The forearm – radius and ulna
  3. The manus or hand – carpus, metacarpus and digits
117
Q

The pelvic girdle or hip bones

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubis or pin bone
118
Q

The leg

A
  1. Femur or thighbone
  2. Tibia and fibia
  3. Pes or foot – tarsus, metatarsus and digits or toes

Comparative Anatomy (1 decks)

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