Bones

Question 1

Scapula

Answer 1

Spine
Acromion Process
Blade
Glenoid cavity

Question 2

Clavicle

Answer 2

Acromial End
Sternal End
Conoid Tubercle

Question 3

humerus

Answer 3

deltoid tuberosity
capitulum

Trochlea

Question 4

Radius

Answer 4

Radial head
Radial Tuberosity
Styloid Process

Question 5

Ulna

Answer 5

Trochlear process
Olecranon Notch
Radial Notch

Question 6

Pelvis

Answer 6

Ileum
Ischium
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 7

Femur

Answer 7

Medial and lateral condyles
Patella grove
Head neck
Greater and lesser trochanters

Question 8

tibia

Answer 8

tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus

Question 9

fibula

Answer 9

lateral malleolus

Question 10

vertebral column

Answer 10

vertebral body

vertebral (neural) arch

vertebral foramen

Question 11

Sternum

Answer 11

Manubrium
Body

Question 11

foot

Answer 11

calcaneus
talus

Question 12

Deltoid

Answer 12

Originates:
Spine of scapula
Acromial end of clavicle
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

Reasoning:
- Rough, triangular area - — Triangular shape and ruff surface allows for a more stable grip when weight baring and distributing forces to the humerus.

Question 13

Biceps Brachii

Answer 13

Originates:
Long head –> Supraglenoid of scapula
Short head –> Coracoid process of Scapula

Insertion:
Radial tuberosity of the Radius
Shape: Round insertion Point, stable

Question 14

triceps Brachii

Answer 14

Origin:
Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Medial head: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
Lateral head: posterior surface of humerus superior to radial groove

Insertion: Proximal end of olecranon process of ulna
Shape:
Hooked
This attachment allows the triceps brachii to exert its extension force on the forearm at the elbow joint.

Question 15

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 15

Origin:
Illeum
Sacrum
Coccyx

Insertion:
Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur

Question 16

Function of Skull

Answer 16

1: Protection
of brain
Image: Drake et al. 2020
2. Holds sense organs
* Sight
* Hearing
Image: Drake et al. 2020
* Smell
* Taste
3. Provides orifices
(openings)
* Respiratory system
– Airway
* Digestive system
– Mouth

Question 17

Quadriceps femoris

Answer 17

Origin:
Illeum and Femur

Insertion:
Tibial Tuberosity
Shape: This complex configuration allows the quadriceps femoris to extend the knee joint by pulling on the patellar ligament during contraction.

Question 18

Cranial vault Function

Answer 18

Functions of skull
1: Protection
of brain
Image: Drake et al. 2020
2. Holds sense organs
* Sight
* Hearing
Image: Drake et al. 2020
* Smell
* Taste
3. Provides orifices
(openings)
* Respiratory system
– Airway
* Digestive system
– Mouth

Question 19

Cranial vault bone

Answer 19

Tables compact
Diploe cancellous

Question 20

Draw and name the sutures and bones of cranium vault

Answer 20

Doc

Question 21

What does spehnoid articulate with

Answer 21

Sphenoid articulates with all bones of the
vault (frontal, parietals, temporals,
occipital)=>keyston

Question 22

What are fossa and foame of cranial vase for

Answer 22

holding lobes of brain and nerves / blood vessels

Question 23

skull function

Answer 23

Brain Protection:

The primary function of the skull is to encase and protect the brain. The brain is a vital organ, and the rigid structure of the skull provides a protective barrier against external impacts and injuries.
Facial Structure and Support:

The skull provides the structural framework for the face, including the orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, and oral cavity. It houses and supports sensory organs such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.
Attachment for Muscles and Ligaments:

The skull serves as an anchor for various muscles and ligaments. Muscles responsible for facial expressions, chewing, and head movements attach to the bones of the skull, enabling a wide range of facial and head movements.
Respiratory and Digestive Openings:

The skull contains openings that are integral to the respiratory and digestive systems. The nasal and oral cavities within the skull are entry points for air and food, initiating the processes of respiration and digestion, respectively.
Sound Transmission:

The bones of the skull, particularly the temporal bones, play a role in the transmission of sound. The middle ear structures are housed within the temporal bones, contributing to the process of hearing.

allowing for growth

Question 24

Function of face

Answer 24

Expression and Communication:

The face is crucial for non-verbal communication, conveying emotions, and expressing facial expressions that contribute significantly to human interaction.
Protection of Sensory Organs:

The facial bones provide protection to vital sensory organs such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.
Chewing and Speech:

The mandible, along with the maxilla, is essential for chewing and speech. The movements of these bones allow for mastication (chewing) and articulation of speech sounds.
Support for Facial Structures:

The facial skeleton supports the structures of the face, including the nose, cheeks, and orbits. It gives shape and contour to the face.
Facial Identity:

The unique arrangement and characteristics of facial bones contribute to individual facial features, allowing for facial recognition and identification.

Question 25

facial sinuses and function

Answer 25

ethmoid sinus
maxillary sinus
frontal sinus

Lightening the Skull:

The sinuses, particularly the maxillary sinuses, are air-filled spaces within the maxilla (upper jawbone). Their presence contributes to reducing the overall weight of the skull, making it easier to support and move.
Resonance in Speech:

The sinuses affect the resonance of the voice. They act as resonating chambers that modify the tone and quality of the voice during speech. This resonance is particularly influenced by the paranasal sinuses, including the maxillary and frontal sinuses.
Moistening and Warming Inhaled Air:

The sinuses produce mucus, which helps humidify and warm the air as it passes through the nasal cavity. This process is part of the respiratory function and contributes to protecting the sensitive respiratory tract.
Filtering and Trapping Particles:

The mucus produced by the sinuses also helps trap dust, allergens, and other particles present in the inhaled air, preventing them from reaching the lungs and potentially causing irritation or damage.

Question 26

funtion of head and neck muscle

Answer 26

Facial Expression:

Muscles such as the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and zygomaticus contribute to facial expressions. These muscles allow us to convey emotions, express feelings, and communicate non-verbally. For example, the orbicularis oculi is responsible for closing the eyelids during blinking or squinting, while the zygomaticus is involved in smiling.
Mastication (Chewing):

Muscles involved in mastication, or chewing, include the masseter, temporalis, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. These muscles work together to move the jaw during the process of chewing and grinding food. The coordinated action of these muscles is crucial for effective and efficient mastication.
Head and Neck Movement:

Muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, and trapezius play a key role in the movement of the head and neck. The sternocleidomastoid, for example, allows for head rotation and flexion, while the trapezius is involved in the movement of the scapulae and the extension of the neck.

Question 27

teeth and functions

Answer 27

Incisor` - cutting tooth

‘Canine’ - tearing tooth (as in ‘fangs’)

‘Premolar’ - in front of the molars (also called ‘bicuspids’ - having two cusps)

‘Molar’ - grinding tooth

Question 28

how many of each teeth

Answer 28

Two incisors

One canine

Two premolars

Three molars

Note that the third molar, the so-called ‘wisdom’ tooth, is frequently missing. This may mean it

has failed to form (agenesis) or failed to erupt (impaction).
32 in total

Question 29

teeth descripion

Answer 29

Other descriptive terms:

Buccal: facing the cheek

Labial: facing the lips

Lingual: facing the tongue

Mesial: medial

Distal: lateral

Interproximal: between teeth

Occlusal: facing the opposing tooth - this is the biting surface