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General Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of bones

A
  1. 1/3 ct (collagen fibre)
  2. 2/3 calcium and phosphate salts
    Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate
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2
Q

What substance dissolves when put in acid

A

Calcium hydroxy apatite ca10(po4)6(oh)2
After dissolving bone becomes bendable

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3
Q

What makes bone a living tissue

A

1.highly vascular
2. highly regenerative next to blood

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4
Q

Functions of bones 6 points

A
  1. Structure
  2. Provides site for attachment
  3. Acts as levers
  4. Bone marrow- blood cells prod
  5. Bone marrow had reticulo endothelial cells - phagocytic
  6. Stores 97 % of ca and p
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5
Q

Long bone types and eg.

A

1) typical long bone- 2 epiphysis
Bones of limbs
2. Miniature long / short long bones
-1 epiphysis
Metacarpal metatarsal phalanges
3. Modified long bone- no medulary cavity
Clavicle

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6
Q

Characters in long bone (nut. Foramen etc

A
  1. Nutrient foramen is directed away from growing end
  2. Has medullary cavity
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7
Q

Short bones eg. and characteristics

A

Cuboid/ scaphoid
Pierced by blood vessels
Eg carpals tarsals

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8
Q

Flat bones eg

A

Bones in vault of brain
Scapula
Ribs
Sternum

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9
Q

Irregular bones

A

Hip bones
Sphenoid
C1 C2 of vertebrae

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10
Q

Pneumatic bones func and characters

A

Have large air cavities and lined by epithelium
Make bones
1)light
2) act as air conditioner
3) resonance of voice

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11
Q

Pnuematic bones eg.

A

Spenoid ethmoid maxilla

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12
Q

What are sesmoid bones

A

Bony nodules in tendons and joint capsule

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13
Q

Characters of sesmoid bones 6 points

A

1) covered by hyaline cartillage
2) lubricated by bursa ( synovial fluid)
3) no periosteum
4) no medullary cavity
5) no haversian system
6) ossify after birth

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14
Q

Examples of sesmoid bone

A

1) riders bone
2) patella
3) pisiform
4) flabella

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15
Q

Function of sesmoid bones 4 points

A

1) resist pressure
2) minimise friction
3) alter course of direction
4) protect bv and nerves

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16
Q

Accesory bones characters

A

Not present in all individuals
Due to ununited epiphysis fron additional ossification center

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17
Q

Eg of accesory bones

A

1) Sutural/ wormin bones - common in hydrocepahlic skulls
2) cervical ribs
3) lumbar ribs

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18
Q

Bones classified on developmental basis

A

1) chondral or membranous
2) somatic and viseral

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19
Q

Membranous bones characteristic and eg

A

Intramembranous ossification
1) develop from mesenchyme
parital frontal maxilla

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20
Q

Cartilaginous bones characteristic eg

A

Intracartilagenous/ endochondral ossificatiob
All bones of limbs

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21
Q

Menbrano cartilagenous bones

A

Eg: clavicle
Sternal end cartilagenous oss
Rest is membranous oss.
Mandible occipital shenoid

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22
Q

Somatic bones eg

A

Most bones are somatic

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23
Q

Visceral bones

A

Develop from pharyngeal arch
1) hyoid
2) ear ossicles
3) part of mandible

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24
Q

Compact bone characters

A

1) ivory texture
2) highly porus
3) adapted to bending and twisting forces

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25
Q

Cancellous bone characters

A

1) made of traberculae
2) spaces filled with rbm
3) addaptaion to compressive forces

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26
Q

Wolffs law/ trajectory theory of wolffs 2 points

A

It states that formation of bone is directly proportional to stress and strain
This law states how traberculae are arranged

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27
Q

Types of lamella according to trajectory theory

A

1) pressure/ conpression lamella
2) tension lamella

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28
Q

Compression lamella characters 3 points

A

1)parallel to weight of body
2) also works against shear stress
3) compact lamella forms biny butress aka calcar femorale

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29
Q

Tension lamella 2points

A

1) works against bending forces
2) perpendicular to compression lamella

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30
Q

Lamellar bone characters and types

A

Has thin plates of bone tissue
1) cancellous bone- branching circular lamella
2) compact bone- concentric lamella haversian system

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31
Q

Woven bone characters and eg

A

In foetal bone
Fracture repairs
Bone cancer
Has irregular collagen fibres and bone crystals

32
Q

Fibrous bone

A

Foetal bone and amphibian and reptilian bone

33
Q

Parts of long bone shaft

A

Periosteum
Cortex
Medullary cavity

34
Q

Parts of periosteum 4 points.
About bv and nerve

A

1) outter fibrous layer
2) inner cellular - osteogenic cells
3) has many periosteal arteries supplies outter part of cortex
4) has nerve supply- most sensitive part or bone

35
Q

Periosteum held to bone by

A

Sharpeys fibres

36
Q

Periosteum in articulating surface

A

Absent in articulating surface and continuous as joint capsule

37
Q

Function of periosteum 3 points

A

Bone repair
Bone formation
Protection

38
Q

Cortex of long bone

A

Compact bone
Haversian system

39
Q

Medullary cavity is covered by and its func

A

Endosteum - made of osteoblast and osteoclast
Helps in bine remodelling and repair

40
Q

Presence of red bone marrow in adults 6 eg

A

In cancellous end of long bones
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Iliac crest
Skull bones

41
Q

Parts of young bone

A

1) epiphysis
2)diaphysis
3) metaphysis
4) epiphysial plate

42
Q

Epiphysis character

A

1) expanded end of bone
2) ossify from secondary center.

43
Q

Types of epiphysis based on mode of ossification

A

1) simple - when individual centers ossify independently
Eg: femur
2) compound- smaller centers fuse to form bigger epiphysis before fusing with the shaft.
Eg humerus

44
Q

Pressure epiphysis

A

Bears weight of body
Head of femur

45
Q

Traction epiphysis

A

Provides site of attachment for tendons
Eg- trochanters and tuburcles

46
Q

Atavistic epiphysis

A

Phylogenetically seperate bone but fuses with the adjacent bone
Eg: coracoid process
Lateral tubercle

47
Q

Abberant epiphysis

A

Not always present
Head of 1st metacarpal and bases of other metacarpals

48
Q

Diaphysis ossifies from

A

Primary center

49
Q

Blood supply if diaphysis

A

Nutrient artery

50
Q

What is metaphysis 2 points

A

Site of active growth
Epiphysial end of diaphysis

51
Q

Characteric feature of metaphysis

A

Presence of end artery ( hair pin ends ) before epiphysial fusion

52
Q

Osteomyelitis in children

A

Due to presence of end arteries the bacteria on emboli gets trapped and causes infection and infarction

53
Q

Fate of hair pin ends after fusion

A

It fuses with the epiphysial artery

54
Q

Epiphysisial plate characters

A

Cartilagenous plate
Longitudinal growth of bine

55
Q

Bv in growth cartilage

A

Epiphysial and metaphysial artery

56
Q

Nutrient artery in young bones fuse with _ to form _ artery

A

Metaphysial artery to form end artery

57
Q

Nutrient artery in adults fuse

A

It fuses with metaphysial epiphysial and periosteal artery.

58
Q

Nutrient artery supplies

A

2/3 of cortex medulary cavity
Metaphysis

59
Q

Periosteal artery supplies

A

1/3 cortex’s volkmans cannal

60
Q

Where is periosteal artery present numerously

A

Beneath muscles and ligaments

61
Q

Epiphysial artery are derived from

A

Periarterial vascular arcades ( network)

62
Q

Epiphysial artery are found in

A

Non articulating surfaces

63
Q

Metaphysial artery are derived from

A

Nearby systemic arteries

64
Q

Metaphysial artery in young bones fuses with

A

Nutrient artery and form end artery

65
Q

Short bones are supplies by

A

Periosteal artery

66
Q

Venous drainage in bones

A

Large and numerous veins in cancellous bones
Veins accompanied with artery in volkman cannal

67
Q

Lymph drainage in bones

A

No established lymph drainage

68
Q

Exceptions to secondary ossification

A

Lower end of femur and upper end of tibia which ossifies at 9th month of intrautrine life

69
Q

When does 1* centers ossify and how

A

During 2 nd month of intrauterine life
Around a capillary

70
Q

Growth points in upper limb

A

Upper end of humerus and lower end of radius

71
Q

Growth points of lower limb

A

Lower end of femur and upper end of tibia

72
Q

When does ossification of secondary centers start

A

during puberty

73
Q

When does epiphysis fuse

A

From puberty till the age of 25

74
Q

Exception to law of ossification

A

Lower end of fibula

75
Q

Bone growth is

A

Surface accretion or appositional growth

76
Q

Function of vitamin a in bone formation

A

Controls and coordinates the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

General Anatomy (4 decks)

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