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Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of bones

A
  1. 1/3 ct (collagen fibre)
  2. 2/3 calcium and phosphate salts
    Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate
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2
Q

What substance dissolves when put in acid

A

Calcium hydroxy apatite ca10(po4)6(oh)2
After dissolving bone becomes bendable

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3
Q

What makes bone a living tissue

A

1.highly vascular
2. highly regenerative next to blood

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4
Q

Functions of bones 6 points

A
  1. Structure
  2. Provides site for attachment
  3. Acts as levers
  4. Bone marrow- blood cells prod
  5. Bone marrow had reticulo endothelial cells - phagocytic
  6. Stores 97 % of ca and p
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5
Q

Long bone types and eg.

A

1) typical long bone- 2 epiphysis
Bones of limbs
2. Miniature long / short long bones
-1 epiphysis
Metacarpal metatarsal phalanges
3. Modified long bone- no medulary cavity
Clavicle

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6
Q

Characters in long bone (nut. Foramen etc

A
  1. Nutrient foramen is directed away from growing end
  2. Has medullary cavity
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7
Q

Short bones eg. and characteristics

A

Cuboid/ scaphoid
Pierced by blood vessels
Eg carpals tarsals

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8
Q

Flat bones eg

A

Bones in vault of brain
Scapula
Ribs
Sternum

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9
Q

Irregular bones

A

Hip bones
Sphenoid
C1 C2 of vertebrae

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10
Q

Pneumatic bones func and characters

A

Have large air cavities and lined by epithelium
Make bones
1)light
2) act as air conditioner
3) resonance of voice

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11
Q

Pnuematic bones eg.

A

Spenoid ethmoid maxilla

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12
Q

What are sesmoid bones

A

Bony nodules in tendons and joint capsule

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13
Q

Characters of sesmoid bones 6 points

A

1) covered by hyaline cartillage
2) lubricated by bursa ( synovial fluid)
3) no periosteum
4) no medullary cavity
5) no haversian system
6) ossify after birth

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14
Q

Examples of sesmoid bone

A

1) riders bone
2) patella
3) pisiform
4) flabella

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15
Q

Function of sesmoid bones 4 points

A

1) resist pressure
2) minimise friction
3) alter course of direction
4) protect bv and nerves

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16
Q

Accesory bones characters

A

Not present in all individuals
Due to ununited epiphysis fron additional ossification center

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17
Q

Eg of accesory bones

A

1) Sutural/ wormin bones - common in hydrocepahlic skulls
2) cervical ribs
3) lumbar ribs

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18
Q

Bones classified on developmental basis

A

1) chondral or membranous
2) somatic and viseral

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19
Q

Membranous bones characteristic and eg

A

Intramembranous ossification
1) develop from mesenchyme
parital frontal maxilla

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20
Q

Cartilaginous bones characteristic eg

A

Intracartilagenous/ endochondral ossificatiob
All bones of limbs

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21
Q

Menbrano cartilagenous bones

A

Eg: clavicle
Sternal end cartilagenous oss
Rest is membranous oss.
Mandible occipital shenoid

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22
Q

Somatic bones eg

A

Most bones are somatic

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23
Q

Visceral bones

A

Develop from pharyngeal arch
1) hyoid
2) ear ossicles
3) part of mandible

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24
Q

Compact bone characters

A

1) ivory texture
2) highly porus
3) adapted to bending and twisting forces

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25
Cancellous bone characters
1) made of traberculae 2) spaces filled with rbm 3) addaptaion to compressive forces
26
Wolffs law/ trajectory theory of wolffs 2 points
It states that formation of bone is directly proportional to stress and strain This law states how traberculae are arranged
27
Types of lamella according to trajectory theory
1) pressure/ conpression lamella 2) tension lamella
28
Compression lamella characters 3 points
1)parallel to weight of body 2) also works against shear stress 3) compact lamella forms biny butress aka calcar femorale
29
Tension lamella 2points
1) works against bending forces 2) perpendicular to compression lamella
30
Lamellar bone characters and types
Has thin plates of bone tissue 1) cancellous bone- branching circular lamella 2) compact bone- concentric lamella haversian system
31
Woven bone characters and eg
In foetal bone Fracture repairs Bone cancer Has irregular collagen fibres and bone crystals
32
Fibrous bone
Foetal bone and amphibian and reptilian bone
33
Parts of long bone shaft
Periosteum Cortex Medullary cavity
34
Parts of periosteum 4 points. About bv and nerve
1) outter fibrous layer 2) inner cellular - osteogenic cells 3) has many periosteal arteries supplies outter part of cortex 4) has nerve supply- most sensitive part or bone
35
Periosteum held to bone by
Sharpeys fibres
36
Periosteum in articulating surface
Absent in articulating surface and continuous as joint capsule
37
Function of periosteum 3 points
Bone repair Bone formation Protection
38
Cortex of long bone
Compact bone Haversian system
39
Medullary cavity is covered by and its func
Endosteum - made of osteoblast and osteoclast Helps in bine remodelling and repair
40
Presence of red bone marrow in adults 6 eg
In cancellous end of long bones Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Iliac crest Skull bones
41
Parts of young bone
1) epiphysis 2)diaphysis 3) metaphysis 4) epiphysial plate
42
Epiphysis character
1) expanded end of bone 2) ossify from secondary center.
43
Types of epiphysis based on mode of ossification
1) simple - when individual centers ossify independently Eg: femur 2) compound- smaller centers fuse to form bigger epiphysis before fusing with the shaft. Eg humerus
44
Pressure epiphysis
Bears weight of body Head of femur
45
Traction epiphysis
Provides site of attachment for tendons Eg- trochanters and tuburcles
46
Atavistic epiphysis
Phylogenetically seperate bone but fuses with the adjacent bone Eg: coracoid process Lateral tubercle
47
Abberant epiphysis
Not always present Head of 1st metacarpal and bases of other metacarpals
48
Diaphysis ossifies from
Primary center
49
Blood supply if diaphysis
Nutrient artery
50
What is metaphysis 2 points
Site of active growth Epiphysial end of diaphysis
51
Characteric feature of metaphysis
Presence of end artery ( hair pin ends ) before epiphysial fusion
52
Osteomyelitis in children
Due to presence of end arteries the bacteria on emboli gets trapped and causes infection and infarction
53
Fate of hair pin ends after fusion
It fuses with the epiphysial artery
54
Epiphysisial plate characters
Cartilagenous plate Longitudinal growth of bine
55
Bv in growth cartilage
Epiphysial and metaphysial artery
56
Nutrient artery in young bones fuse with _ to form _ artery
Metaphysial artery to form end artery
57
Nutrient artery in adults fuse
It fuses with metaphysial epiphysial and periosteal artery.
58
Nutrient artery supplies
2/3 of cortex medulary cavity Metaphysis
59
Periosteal artery supplies
1/3 cortex's volkmans cannal
60
Where is periosteal artery present numerously
Beneath muscles and ligaments
61
Epiphysial artery are derived from
Periarterial vascular arcades ( network)
62
Epiphysial artery are found in
Non articulating surfaces
63
Metaphysial artery are derived from
Nearby systemic arteries
64
Metaphysial artery in young bones fuses with
Nutrient artery and form end artery
65
Short bones are supplies by
Periosteal artery
66
Venous drainage in bones
Large and numerous veins in cancellous bones Veins accompanied with artery in volkman cannal
67
Lymph drainage in bones
No established lymph drainage
68
Exceptions to secondary ossification
Lower end of femur and upper end of tibia which ossifies at 9th month of intrautrine life
69
When does 1* centers ossify and how
During 2 nd month of intrauterine life Around a capillary
70
Growth points in upper limb
Upper end of humerus and lower end of radius
71
Growth points of lower limb
Lower end of femur and upper end of tibia
72
When does ossification of secondary centers start
during puberty
73
When does epiphysis fuse
From puberty till the age of 25
74
Exception to law of ossification
Lower end of fibula
75
Bone growth is
Surface accretion or appositional growth
76
Function of vitamin a in bone formation
Controls and coordinates the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

General Anatomy (4 decks)

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