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EXSC222 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 bone types?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Irregular
  4. Flat
  5. Sesamoid
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2
Q

Basic bone structure of a long bone (top to bottom)

A 
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
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3
Q

2 types of tissue in a bone? and characteristics

A

Compact bone is dense and is designed to withstand large amounts of compressive force.
Spongy bone has open spaces, it is supportive but also light in weight. designed to be ready for breakdown and remodeling by osteoclasts/blasts.

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4
Q

That sheath like structure surrounds the bone?

A

Periosteum

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5
Q

What us the medullary cavity?

A

The medullary cavity is the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow.

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6
Q

What is an osteon?

A

The osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by rings called concentric lamellae. Lamellae are perpendicular to each other in order to resist twisting forces in multiple directions. Between the rings of matrix, the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae.

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7
Q

What runs down the center of an osteon?

A

Central canals contain blood vesicles, nerves and lymphatic vesicles which branch off at right angles through a perforating canal extending out to the periosteum and the endosteum.

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8
Q

What are the periosteum and the endosteum?

A

Thin layers of membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of long bones.
The endosteum is also the lining of the central canal of the osteon allowing remodeling of osteons over time.

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9
Q

What is an osteocyte

A

Bone (osteo) cell (cyte)
Located in lacuna (spaces in the lamellae)
has canaliculi branching off connecting to other lacunae and with the central canal they can send nutrients to be transported into the osteocytes and waste transported out.

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10
Q

what is trabeculae?

A

The main product of spongy bone. They may look like a random structure where it in fact it forms along lines of stress to transport force to the compact bone

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11
Q

Why is spongy bone honeycombed in structure?

A

In order for the muscles to move it easier

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12
Q

Functional differences of bone types?

A 
Compact 
Compact bone like a drinking straw
Good at absorbing/transmitting forces in single 
direction
Heavy

Spongy
Spongy absorb forces from multiple directions
Found where little force absorption or force from
many directions
Light weight
Support and protection for bone marrow cells

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13
Q

Bone matrix: 3 major components of bone and their approximated percentage?

A

Calcium phosphate 66% of total bone mass
Collagen fibres 33%
Bone cells 2%

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14
Q

Calcium phosphate

A
  • Forms hydroxyapatite (naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite) through interaction with calcium hydroxide
  • Bind calcium carbonate, sodium, magnesium, fluoride
  • Provides compression strength
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15
Q

Collagen fibres

A

• Provides tensile strength

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16
Q

Bone cells

A

• Maintain the bone matrix

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17
Q

4 types of bone cells?

A

Osteoclasts
• Break down bone matrix
• Osteolysis

Osteoblasts
• Produce new bone substance
• Osteogenesis

Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells

Osteoprogenitor cells
• Mesenchymal cells
• Differentiate into osteoblasts
• Important in fracture & repair

18
Q

5 characteristics of bone remodeling

A
  • Normal process/constantly occurring
  • Maintains structural integrity (strength)
  • Balance of reabsorption and formation important
  • Mechanism for shape change over time
  • Remodel after a bony injury
19
Q

What are factors that affect bone remodeling?

A

Dietary factors
• Calcium & phosphate
• Magnesium, citrate, carbonate & sodium
• Vit A, C & D

Hormonal factors
• Parathyroid hormone
• Calcitonin
• GH & thyroxine
• Sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone)
Strain
• Loading through activity/exercise (or lack thereof)
• Magnitude, rate and direction
• Influenced by activity type
• Immobilisation

Aging

Gender
• Hormonal factors (post-menopausal)

20
Q

4 markers of bone strength

A

Bone mineral density (BMD)
Bone mineral content (BMC)
Size
Geometry

21
Q

How is bone density measured?

A

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DEXA or DXA)

Quantitative computed tomography (QCT)

22
Q

What does different bone types look like in a DEXA scan?

A

Compact looks white and more solid whereas spongy bone looks grey and dull as it is less dense.

23
Q

What information does a DEXA scan provide?

A

A detailed image on the scanned bone as well as detailed information of various tissues within the scanned areas such as fat mass, lean mass, fat percentage BMI score and BMC.

24
Q

How are DEXA scans are compared?

A

Compared to young norms, compared with results of people with the same gender and race. This is how t scores are determined.

25
Q

In regard to a DEXA scan what is a t score?

A

T score expresses the bone density in terms of standard

deviations below peak young adult bone mass. like averages and percentiles.

26
Q

Using t scores how can you tell someone is at risk of osteoporosis?

A

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1 to -1: normal
-1 to -2.5: at risk of osteoporosis and low to medium fracture risk
-2.5 or lower: osteoporosis = fracture risk is high

27
Q

What does QCT scan provide?

A

A calibrated references to materials of known density to compare the density of structures.
A more portable options for limbs.
3D image reconstruction
BMD and geometry
Trabecular & compact bone individually unlike DEXA scans.

28
Q

What is bone in the bank?

A

Start exercising at a young age in order to build up bone before you stop building bone during adulthood.

29
Q

10 acute fracture types

A 
Greenstick
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Avulsion
displaced
1 compound
2 comminuted
Growth plate fracturing
Epiphyseal Slippage (capital femoral)
30
Q

2 types over use fractures +def

A

Periostitis (medial tibial stress syndrome)
Stress fracture
caused by repetitive forces without an appropriate time to heal.

31
Q

Greenstick fracture characteristics

A

Tends to occur during growth. Breaks like a green branch (greenstick). Partial break through the bone which is not fully calcified.

32
Q

Transverse fracture characteristics

A

Full break with a straight line going all the way across.

33
Q

Oblique fracture characteristics

A

straight line on an angle of a long bone.

34
Q

Spiral fracture characteristics

A

Twists around the bone shaft. Created from twisting force

35
Q

comminuted fracture characteristics

A

Fracture into 2 pieces causing multiple bone fragments throughout tissue.

36
Q

Compound fracture characteristics

A

When the bone breaches the skin

37
Q

What are displaced fractures?

A

Compound and comminuted

38
Q

Avulsion fracture characteristics

A

Where the part of the bone is broken off at the attachment site of the tendon or ligament.

39
Q

Growth plate fracture characteristics

A

Can cause deformities as other bones are growing yet this bone is too busy healing.

40
Q

Epiphyseal Slippage (capital femoral) fracture characteristics

A

A specific type of growth plate fracture where the head of the femur becomes displaced relative to the neck of the femur.

41
Q

Periostitis (medial tibial stress syndrome) characteristics

A

Shin splints

occur during high impact sports and running

42
Q

Stress fractures characteristics

A

Not giving injuries enough time to heal causes stress fractures to occur.

EXSC222 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY (9 decks)

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