Bone Tissue Engineering

Question 1

*****State and briefly elaborate on three types of growth factors for bone tissue engineering?

Answer 1

transforming growth factors- is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions including cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis

morphognetic proteins- osteoinductive proteins initially isolated from demineralized bone matrix. they induce differentation, promote endochrondal ossification, and regulate ECM production

fibroblast growth factors- have both acidic and basic forms, increase proliferaiton of chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and also stimulate angiogenesis.

Question 2

2) State three examples of skeletal problems necessitating investigation in bone tissue engineering.

Answer 2

osteoporosis, degenerative arthritis, tumors, fractures, abnormal development

Question 3

3) State two desired qualities of the bone tissue engineered scaffolds

Answer 3

absorbs in predictable manner in at rate similar to bone growth

adaptable to irregular wound site

correct mechanical and physical properties

maximal bone growth through osteoinduction and/or osteoconduction

Question 4

4) Explain the treatment options for bone grafting?

Answer 4

• Autogenous bone – Bone is patients own
– Gold standard
– Limited in supply
– Surgical complications

• Allogenous bone
– Derived from different human donors
– Risk of rejection
– Risk of disease transmission

• Xenografts:
– Derived from animals

• Synthetic materials – Ceramics,
– biodegradable polymers
– Youngs modulus not similar to bone

Question 5

5) Explain bone composition.

Answer 5

it is made out of cells such as osteocytes, osteoblast, and osteoclast….. these are help with rebuliding of new bone on an extracellular matrix that is composed of a organic part and an inorganic part

Question 6

6) What is osteoporosis?

Answer 6

it is characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure. all races, sexes, and ages are suseptible

Question 7

7) Explain Autogenous vs Allogenous bone grafting.

Answer 7

autogenous is bone that is taken from the patient themselves it is the gold standard and is usually limited in supply

allogenous bone is derrived from different human donors, it has an increase risk of rejection, and risk of disease transmission

Question 8

8) What is the function of Bone marrow

Answer 8

it is the main breeding place for white and red blood cells, aka help with blood cell formation and energy storage

Question 9

9) **What is the motivation for work in bone tissue engineering

Answer 9

skeletal deficiencies such as bone loss.

Question 10

Name 3 functions of Bone.

Answer 10

support

movement” muscles attached by tendons and use bones as levers to move the body

protection- skull

mineral storage- calcium and phosphorus

blood cell formation and energy storage

Question 11

11) What is xenografts?

Answer 11

this is bone samples taken from animals

Question 12

12) Give an example of a scaffolding material for bone growth?

Answer 12

PLLA and PLGA are some synthetic scaffolds that are often used. They can be easily molded into porous structure and bone marrow cells grown on these structures provide superifical mineralized tissue