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Bone Tissue And Joints > Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

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2
Q

What is articulation?

A

Where two bone surfaces meet.

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3
Q

What is bone?

A

Hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton.

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4
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

(Singular = canaliculus) Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients.

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5
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement.

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6
Q

What is the central canal?

A

Longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal.

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7
Q

What is closed reduction?

A

Manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery.

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8
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces.

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9
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

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10
Q

What is diploë?

A

Layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone found in flat bones.

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11
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage.

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12
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity.

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13
Q

What is epiphyseal line?

A

Completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate.

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14
Q

What is epiphyseal plate?

A

(Also, growth plate) Sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length.

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15
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

Wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow.

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16
Q

What is external callus?

A

Collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture.

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17
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

Thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs.

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18
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Broken bone.

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19
Q

What is fracture hematoma?

A

Blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone.

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20
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones.

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21
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium.

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22
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium.

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23
Q

What is internal callus?

A

Fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone.

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24
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue.

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25
Q

What is an irregular bone?

A

Bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces.

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26
Q

What is open reduction?

A

Surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture.

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27
Q

Who is an orthopedist?

A

Doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

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28
Q

What is osseous tissue?

A

Bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton.

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29
Q

What is ossification?

A

(Also, osteogenesis) Bone formation.

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30
Q

What is an ossification center?

A

Cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification.

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31
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Cell responsible for forming new bone.

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32
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Cell responsible for resorbing bone.

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33
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix.

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34
Q

What is an osteogenic cell?

A

Undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.

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35
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts.

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36
Q

What is an osteon?

A

(Also, Haversian system) Basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix.

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37
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages.

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38
Q

What is a perforating canal?

A

(Also, Volkmann’s canal) Channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum.

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39
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

Membrane that covers cartilage.

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40
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments.

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41
Q

What is primary ossification center?

A

Region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification.

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42
Q

What is a projection?

A

Bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach.

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43
Q

What is the proliferative zone?

A

Region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate.

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44
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place.

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45
Q

What is remodeling?

A

Process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed.

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46
Q

What is reserve zone?

A

Region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis.

47
Q

What is secondary ossification center?

A

Region of bone development in the epiphyses.

48
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces.

49
Q

What is a short bone?

A

Cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion.

50
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for.

51
Q

What is the reserve zone?

A

Region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis.

52
Q

What is a secondary ossification center?

A

Region of bone development in the epiphyses.

53
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection.

54
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

(Also, cancellous bone) Trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution.

55
Q

What are lacunae?

A

(Singular = lacuna) Spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte.

56
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever.

57
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow.

58
Q

What is modeling in bone growth?

A

Process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another.

59
Q

What is a nutrient foramen?

A

Small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment.

60
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

(Singular = trabecula) Spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone.

61
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored.

62
Q

What is the zone of calcified matrix?

A

Region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis.

63
Q

What is the zone of maturation and hypertrophy?

A

Region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate.

64
Q

What is the classification of bones?

A

Bones categorized by their shape.

65
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

Bone with spongy bone (diploë) between compact layers.

66
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Bone characterized by length, with distinct anatomy.

67
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Membrane covering the outer surface of bone.

68
Q

What is the periosteum function?

A

Anchor point for tendons.

69
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Lines medullary cavity, trabeculae of spongy bone, and the central canal of osteons.

70
Q

What is the endosteum function?

A

Important for bone remodeling, thin stem cell layer with osteoblast and osteoclast.

71
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells that secrete osteoid.

72
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells in lacunae, maintain bone matrix, proteins and mineral composition, and help repair damage.

73
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Multinucleated cells dissolving bone matrix for remodeling. (Important for calcium homeostasis)

74
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense bone tissue organized into osteons.

75
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Functional unit of compact bone.

76
Q

What is the central canal?

A

At center of osteon; carries blood vessels and nerves.

77
Q

What are perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals)?

A

Canals that run at right angles to the central canals, provide pathways for blood vessels and nerve fibers to connect central canals with the periosteum.

78
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Rings of bone matrix within an osteon.

79
Q

What are circumferential lamellae?

A

Layers of bone matrix that go all the way around the bone.

80
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

Fill spaces between osteons.

81
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Trabecular bone lacking osteons, with blood vessels, lamellae, and provides nutrient via diffusion.

82
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Hematopoietic, fills trabeculae of some spongy bone.

83
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Stores fat, fills some trabeculae.

84
Q

What is bone matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite + calcium carbonate.

85
Q

What is the ratio important for function of bone?

A

1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic.

86
Q

What is 1/3 of bone matrix made up of?

A

Collagen fibers.

87
Q

What is 2/3 of the bone matrix made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite + calcium phosphate.

88
Q

What is calcification?

A

Process of depositing calcium into tissues.

89
Q

What is ossification?

A

Formation of bone from cartilage or connective tissue.

90
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone development directly from mesenchymal tissue.

91
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone formation from a cartilage model.

92
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Bone growth in width, maintains proportion of bone as it’s growing.

93
Q

What is longitudinal bone growth?

A

Growth in length at the epiphyseal plate.

94
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Continuous process of bone renewal and adaptation.

95
Q

How does exercise affect bone?

A

Stimulates osteoblast for bone remodeling.

96
Q

What nutrients are needed for bone health?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese.

97
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

Vitamin D made in the kidneys needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption in small intestine.

98
Q

What is vitamin C used for in bone?

A

Protein synthesis (collagen).

99
Q

What is vitamin A used for in bone?

A

Stimulates osteoblast.

100
Q

What are vitamins K and B12 used for in bone?

A

Needed for bone protein synthesis.

101
Q

What do growth hormone and thyroxine do?

A

Stimulate bone growth.

102
Q

What do estrogen and testosterone stimulate?

A

Osteoblast activity and maintains bone density.

103
Q

What is vitamin D needed for?

A

Vitamin D is made in the kidneys and is needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine.

104
Q

What is vitamin C used for in bone?

A

Vitamin C is used for protein synthesis (collagen).

105
Q

What is vitamin A used for in bone?

A

Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity.

106
Q

What are vitamins K and B12 used for in bone?

A

Vitamins K and B12 are needed for bone protein synthesis.

107
Q

What do growth hormone and thyroxine do?

A

Growth hormone and thyroxine stimulate bone growth.

108
Q

What do estrogen and testosterone stimulate?

A

Estrogen and testosterone stimulate osteoblast activity and maintain bone density.

109
Q

What do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin affect?

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin affect calcium homeostasis.

110
Q

What is calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcium homeostasis is the regulation of calcium levels in the bloodstream.

111
Q

What does calcium do in the body?

A

Calcium is important for bone health, blood clotting, tooth and gum health, muscle contractions, and nerve conduction.

112
Q

What is a fracture hematoma?

A

A fracture hematoma is a blood clot occurring immediately after the fracture.

113
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Osteopenia is a reduction in bone mass due to inadequate ossification.

114
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Osteoporosis is severe bone density loss, common in older adults.

Bone Tissue And Joints (1 decks)

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