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Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

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2
Q

What is articulation?

A

Where two bone surfaces meet.

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3
Q

What is bone?

A

Hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton.

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4
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

(Singular = canaliculus) Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients.

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5
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement.

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6
Q

What is the central canal?

A

Longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal.

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7
Q

What is closed reduction?

A

Manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery.

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8
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces.

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9
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

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10
Q

What is diploë?

A

Layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone found in flat bones.

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11
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage.

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12
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity.

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13
Q

What is epiphyseal line?

A

Completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate.

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14
Q

What is epiphyseal plate?

A

(Also, growth plate) Sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length.

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15
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

Wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow.

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16
Q

What is external callus?

A

Collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture.

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17
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

Thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs.

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18
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Broken bone.

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19
Q

What is fracture hematoma?

A

Blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone.

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20
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones.

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21
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium.

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22
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium.

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23
Q

What is internal callus?

A

Fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone.

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24
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue.

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25
What is an irregular bone?
Bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces.
26
What is open reduction?
Surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture.
27
Who is an orthopedist?
Doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.
28
What is osseous tissue?
Bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton.
29
What is ossification?
(Also, osteogenesis) Bone formation.
30
What is an ossification center?
Cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification.
31
What is an osteoblast?
Cell responsible for forming new bone.
32
What is an osteoclast?
Cell responsible for resorbing bone.
33
What is an osteocyte?
Primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix.
34
What is an osteogenic cell?
Undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.
35
What is osteoid?
Uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts.
36
What is an osteon?
(Also, Haversian system) Basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix.
37
What is osteoporosis?
Disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages.
38
What is a perforating canal?
(Also, Volkmann's canal) Channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum.
39
What is perichondrium?
Membrane that covers cartilage.
40
What is periosteum?
Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments.
41
What is primary ossification center?
Region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification.
42
What is a projection?
Bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach.
43
What is the proliferative zone?
Region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate.
44
What is red marrow?
Connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place.
45
What is remodeling?
Process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed.
46
What is reserve zone?
Region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis.
47
What is secondary ossification center?
Region of bone development in the epiphyses.
48
What is a sesamoid bone?
Small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces.
49
What is a short bone?
Cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion.
50
What is the skeletal system?
Organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for.
51
What is the reserve zone?
Region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis.
52
What is a secondary ossification center?
Region of bone development in the epiphyses.
53
What is the skeletal system?
Organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection.
54
What is spongy bone?
(Also, cancellous bone) Trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution.
55
What are lacunae?
(Singular = lacuna) Spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte.
56
What is a long bone?
Cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever.
57
What is the medullary cavity?
Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow.
58
What is modeling in bone growth?
Process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another.
59
What is a nutrient foramen?
Small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment.
60
What are trabeculae?
(Singular = trabecula) Spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone.
61
What is yellow marrow?
Connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored.
62
What is the zone of calcified matrix?
Region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis.
63
What is the zone of maturation and hypertrophy?
Region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate.
64
What is the classification of bones?
Bones categorized by their shape.
65
What is a flat bone?
Bone with spongy bone (diploë) between compact layers.
66
What is a long bone?
Bone characterized by length, with distinct anatomy.
67
What is the periosteum?
Membrane covering the outer surface of bone.
68
What is the periosteum function?
Anchor point for tendons.
69
What is the endosteum?
Lines medullary cavity, trabeculae of spongy bone, and the central canal of osteons.
70
What is the endosteum function?
Important for bone remodeling, thin stem cell layer with osteoblast and osteoclast.
71
What are osteoblasts?
Immature bone cells that secrete osteoid.
72
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells in lacunae, maintain bone matrix, proteins and mineral composition, and help repair damage.
73
What are osteoclasts?
Multinucleated cells dissolving bone matrix for remodeling. (Important for calcium homeostasis)
74
What is compact bone?
Dense bone tissue organized into osteons.
75
What is an osteon?
Functional unit of compact bone.
76
What is the central canal?
At center of osteon; carries blood vessels and nerves.
77
What are perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)?
Canals that run at right angles to the central canals, provide pathways for blood vessels and nerve fibers to connect central canals with the periosteum.
78
What are lamellae?
Rings of bone matrix within an osteon.
79
What are circumferential lamellae?
Layers of bone matrix that go all the way around the bone.
80
What are interstitial lamellae?
Fill spaces between osteons.
81
What is spongy bone?
Trabecular bone lacking osteons, with blood vessels, lamellae, and provides nutrient via diffusion.
82
What is red bone marrow?
Hematopoietic, fills trabeculae of some spongy bone.
83
What is yellow bone marrow?
Stores fat, fills some trabeculae.
84
What is bone matrix?
Hydroxyapatite + calcium carbonate.
85
What is the ratio important for function of bone?
1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic.
86
What is 1/3 of bone matrix made up of?
Collagen fibers.
87
What is 2/3 of the bone matrix made of?
Hydroxyapatite + calcium phosphate.
88
What is calcification?
Process of depositing calcium into tissues.
89
What is ossification?
Formation of bone from cartilage or connective tissue.
90
What is intramembranous ossification?
Bone development directly from mesenchymal tissue.
91
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone formation from a cartilage model.
92
What is appositional growth?
Bone growth in width, maintains proportion of bone as it's growing.
93
What is longitudinal bone growth?
Growth in length at the epiphyseal plate.
94
What is bone remodeling?
Continuous process of bone renewal and adaptation.
95
How does exercise affect bone?
Stimulates osteoblast for bone remodeling.
96
What nutrients are needed for bone health?
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese.
97
What is calcitriol?
Vitamin D made in the kidneys needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption in small intestine.
98
What is vitamin C used for in bone?
Protein synthesis (collagen).
99
What is vitamin A used for in bone?
Stimulates osteoblast.
100
What are vitamins K and B12 used for in bone?
Needed for bone protein synthesis.
101
What do growth hormone and thyroxine do?
Stimulate bone growth.
102
What do estrogen and testosterone stimulate?
Osteoblast activity and maintains bone density.
103
What is vitamin D needed for?
Vitamin D is made in the kidneys and is needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine.
104
What is vitamin C used for in bone?
Vitamin C is used for protein synthesis (collagen).
105
What is vitamin A used for in bone?
Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity.
106
What are vitamins K and B12 used for in bone?
Vitamins K and B12 are needed for bone protein synthesis.
107
What do growth hormone and thyroxine do?
Growth hormone and thyroxine stimulate bone growth.
108
What do estrogen and testosterone stimulate?
Estrogen and testosterone stimulate osteoblast activity and maintain bone density.
109
What do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin affect?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin affect calcium homeostasis.
110
What is calcium homeostasis?
Calcium homeostasis is the regulation of calcium levels in the bloodstream.
111
What does calcium do in the body?
Calcium is important for bone health, blood clotting, tooth and gum health, muscle contractions, and nerve conduction.
112
What is a fracture hematoma?
A fracture hematoma is a blood clot occurring immediately after the fracture.
113
What is osteopenia?
Osteopenia is a reduction in bone mass due to inadequate ossification.
114
What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is severe bone density loss, common in older adults.

Bone Tissue And Joints (1 decks)

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