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Human Anatomy & Physiology Bones > Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

made up of phospholipid bilayer Nucleus ramps up transfer translation and makes up a lot of hemoglobin Nucleus spits out and there is no more ability for making hemoglobin, Dead packet of hemoglobin Cell lasts 120 days bc there’s nothing to replenish cell membrane. Red cell becomes fragile and friable as it goes through the nooks and crannies of the spleen. liver and spleen where the red blood cells go through. It will be broken and will be reused

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2
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

transport vesicles and replenish Golgi Apparatus, and it will eventually produce secretory vesicles in some cells. Phospholipids are made deep within a cell.

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3
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Impermeable

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4
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

lie along inside cell membrane, not embedded in the cell membrane, serves several purposes: transport (sometimes), cell signaling pathways found in the cells, but the Inner portion cell membrane. Serve specific purposes: could be involved in transport. Involved in the cell signaling pathway. Commonly involved with activating intracellular pathways to make other molecules inside the cell.

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5
Q

Cell Signaling Pathway

A

peripheral proteins are involved with the pathway. But it’s a pathway that activates some type of activity within the cell. Transferred to the inner translation to make something else.

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6
Q

Integral Proteins

A

embedded in phospholipid bilayer and span the entire the width or breadth of the phospholipid bilayer. Functions as a channel to allow molecules to travel through. The type of molecules that go through are water soluble. Proteins have a large number of negatively charged ions associated with them. Water transports easily across the cell membrane through some of the channels.

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7
Q

Cell to Cell Recognition

A

Protein that is embedded but doesn’t have a channel

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8
Q

Glycolipids

A

involved in the cell to cell recognitions. On surface of cell membrane are glycolipids serving as receptors or markers, has sugar and fat in it.

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9
Q

Proteins

A

55% proteins, make up majority of the mass in the cell membranes

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10
Q

Cholesterol

A

makes up 13% of the cell membrane. 4 ring carbon structure. Lipid loving. Cholesterol is good and bad. They are a innocent bystander in cardiovascular disease. It could just be bad genes. And for vast majority of population it’s high blood pressure and inflammation that cause cardiovascular disease.

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11
Q

Cholesterol does two things to the Cell Membrane

A
  1. Provides more movement of phosphate heads within the cell membrane. Makes cell membrane more dynamic. 2. Makes it easier for steroid molecules to pass through the cell membrane. Steroid molecules do not need to pass through the channels. It can go through directly. Pass through the cell membrane and bind into intracellular receptors.
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12
Q

Physical Isolation

A

protective barrier between what’s outside the cell and inside the cell.

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13
Q

Regulation

A

regulates exchange of materials between outside and inside the cell.

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14
Q

Sensitivity

A

Monitor what’s outside the cell or external environment

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15
Q

Structural Support

A

this cell membrane is loosely attached to micro filaments. Binding to that helps it provide shape and support for the cell and cell’s neighbor

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16
Q

Impermeable

A

Nothing can pass through the cell

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17
Q

Freely Permeable

A

Anything can pass through the cell

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18
Q

Semi-Permeable

A

Allows certain things to pass through and other things not pass through

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Sodium moving across. Movement of specific molecule from the area of higher concentration to its area of lower concentration until the concentration gradient is eliminated

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20
Q

Gradient

A

Is a difference

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21
Q

Why does diffusion occur

A

Because of Brownian motion. Thats the Molecular motion imparted in most molecules we’re dealing with. If we increase the heat, the water has a certain amount of molecular motion to it. Heat will cause water to go through a phase change. Heat imparted into the system that causes the molecular motion.

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water; higher concentration to lower concentration until the concentration gradient is eliminated; Random motion that allows or causes this to happen.

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23
Q

Solute

A

Substance dissolved in a aqueous or liquid solution

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24
Q

Solution

A

The fluid containing dissolved solutes Biological system: The solution is always water

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25
Q

Solute or Water Across the Membrane

A

Water moves to the side of higher solute concentration. Lots of solute on the right. The water will move to the left. Will see an increase in the height of the water on the left side and decrease the height of the water on the right side

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26
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

is the pressure required on the high solute concentration side to prevent further movement of water to that side. The amount of pressure required to stop Osmosis. If we don’t exert enough downward exposure osmosis will still continue to occur and stopper will continue to rise upward. Exerted too much pressure downward then the water will be pushed in the opposite direction. But if we have the same amount of pressure is equal in both ways, and we can determine osmotic pressure.

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27
Q

Tonicity

A

takes osmotic pressure in diffusion and allows it to spill over into living systems; various effects that osmotic solutions have on living cells.

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28
Q

Isotonic

A

same concentration inside or outside the cell or solution. No net movement. No change in size or shape of the cell.

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29
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell will shrink. Crenation(cell shrinkage). Higher solute concentration outside the cell than to small solute concentration inside. Water will move outside the cell. Water is pulled out.

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30
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport)

A

requires no energy in the form of ATP, common method by which molecules are passively transported across the cell membrane. Insulin responsible to transport glucose across the cell membrane.

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31
Q

Steps in Facilitated Diffusion

A

Step 1. Molecules binds to the receptor site on the transport protein. Step 2. The next step in the process causes a conformational change(shape change) in the receptor protein. Step 3. The final step the receptor protein releases the molecule to the inside of the cell. Requires no energy in the form of ATP. Osmosis and diffusion are passive.

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32
Q

Filtration

A

movement of H2O and small solute molecules across the semi permeable membrane due to either gravity or hydrostatic pressure. Example: Coffee Filter Kidney, Gravity

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33
Q

Gravity of Blood

A

Capillaries are semi permeable membrane and red blood cells are in there and don’t make it across because they are too big. Water will leak out of the vessel.

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34
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillaries are one cell thick. Very permeable. Fenestrations, squamous and flat. Easy movement across this membrane. Ions, gases, wastes. Where gas exchange really occurs.

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35
Q

Gravity

A

is one force exerted in this instance of the filtration mechanism. A certain amount of fluid is going to flow outside the capillaries into an area or space Interstitial tissue and that’s where we get the swelling for example our ankles. Water weight and much more solvent which allows things to get pulled through.

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36
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Water pressure, in the human body, is exerted or caused by the heart pumping. We’ve got gravitational forces and the heart pumping. Good thing the heart pumps because it helps overcome some of the gravitational forces. If we have gravity pulling the fluid column to our feet what will push up the blood up to our head, heart? It has to be the heart. Heart’s job is to not only push the blood down but also pump up the blood up our body through the capillaries and outside to the interstitial space between the capillaries. We have about 6 liters of blood. Half red blood cells, other half of blood would be cosma?? Red cells can’t make it outside of the capillaries as long as it’s not damaged. Higher to lower pressure and outside into the tissue space.

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37
Q

What overcomes Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Osmotic Pressure

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38
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

can overcome the hydrostatic pressure to pull back the water back into the capillaries. Water is drawn is towards the higher side of higher solute concentration.

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39
Q

Solute Molecules

A

In the form of proteins that pull the water back into the capillaries

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40
Q

Albumen to Globulin Ratio

A

Evaluates the amount albumen and globulin in proteins found in the blood. Cascading mechanism for clotting of globular protein functions. But the albumen is there to serve as the osmotic agent.

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41
Q

Net Fluid is always where and where does it go?

A

outside, plus 1 mercury pressure that isn’t retained in the capillaries. Where does it go? There’s another system that helps to reclaim it. Lymphatic system. Lymphatic channels, that are very thin blood vessels where fluid ends up in these channels and eventually those go into the sub-clavien veins in the neck or upper chest region. So it eventually does go back into the cardiovascular system and travel through lymph nodes which is cleaned before it does and goes back in.

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42
Q

Active Transport

A

Facilitated transport was a passive process requiring no ATP. Requires energy in the form of ATP for this process to occur to move new materials Independent of the concentration gradient. It doesn’t matter what the concentration is. Why do we have to move molecules against the gradient? The stomach, for example. We take hydrogen ions out of the blood and we actively transport them into the stomach. High acid concentration so that we can begin the process of digestion of the food.

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43
Q

Sodium ACT Pump

A

it uses one molecule of ATP to send 3 Sodium ions outside the cell and 2 Potassium into the cell. Net gain of one cation outside the cell.

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44
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Allows Large Molecules to pass through the cell membrane. Transport via vesicles, like the peripheral proteins, clathrin, located underneath the receptors. Actin and Myosin, main proteins in muscle contraction. Involved in this process, helping bring things into the cell.

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45
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell breaking. Bringing of fluid into the cell

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46
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating. White blood cells do this for a living. They eat bad cells. Active Process

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47
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

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48
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell getting rid of something. White blood cells take something in and it spits out. Residual body.

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49
Q

3 Different Types of Tissues

A

Ligaments Tendons Bones

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50
Q

4 Different Types of Muscle Cells

A

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Nervous

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51
Q

Skeletal

A

Very large and very long. Fibrous Cell. Striations, skeletal muscle cells are multi-nucleated

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52
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Branched interconnected cells. Each individual muscle contract on its own. Found around the heart and are interconnected.

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53
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Gap junctions. Portals in between two cells that allow vector co-conduction that happens in one cell transferred to another cell.

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54
Q

Functional Cessation

A

Function or work together

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55
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Nuclei Interspersed. No Striations in them. Actin and Myosin are found and disorganized. Lack of organizations allows us to contract those muscles further. Involuntary muscles. Don’t consciously have control over the muscles.

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56
Q

Nervous Muscle

A

Conduct Electrical Impulses

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57
Q

Integumentary System of the Body

A

One of the largest organs in the body and is certainly vital to survival. Also known as the skin

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58
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection Temperature Regulation Extension of our nervous system Excretory System Synthesis of Vitamin D Storage of Nutrients

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59
Q

Temperature Regulation

A

Goose bumps, hairs on our body, send blood to and away when our body is hot or cold

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60
Q

Excretory System

A

Digestive system - excretes solid waste. Kidneys excrete liquid waste. Sweat out toxins, salt, electrolytes

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61
Q

Storage of Nutrients

A

The least valid, extension of synthesis of Vitamin D.

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62
Q

3 Components of Skin

A

Epidermis Demis Accessory Structures

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63
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost to innermost

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64
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

15-30 dead keratinized cells

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65
Q

Keratinization

A

Process by which keratin hardens when it is exposed to air. Make it tough and durable. 2-3 week process to make its way up to the top

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66
Q

Statum Lucidum

A

Evident in the Palm of the hands and sole of the feet. Serves to protect from the environment since it’s exposed a lot. Has Proteins (Keratohyalin). Will make the protein in this layer Eleidin (Translucent Layer)

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67
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Staining techniques; Grainy layer, contain Kerotinosytes. Produce Keratohyalin. Pre-Cursor to Keratin

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68
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 cells thick. Made of Kerotinosytes. Find a group of Langerhan’s Cells here. They are immuno competent cells derive from the immune system.

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69
Q

Immuno Competent Cells

A

Main function is to fight infection in the superficial layers of the skin

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70
Q

Stratum Germinativum

A

Lowest layer, it has a number of characteristics 1. Stem Cells that constantly dividing, they move up through the layers that will eventually be sloughed off. Precursor cells under constant division 2. Merkel Cell - areas where hair is not prevalent and they are sensitive to touch. Connected to the nervous system. Areas where there is very little hair is where you will find them. Serve to increase sensation of touch where there is no hair.

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71
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Stem Cells

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72
Q

Stem Cells

A

Constantly dividing. Beginning cells, divide into what is necessary, precursor cells. Constantly dividing to make new cells, make ways up towards surface and sloughed off. 15-30 cells thick. Dead cells. Karotenized because of the air.

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73
Q

Melanocytes

A

Make melanin. Different from melatonin. Involved in pigmentation of the skin. Function is to protect the skin from UV Radiation.

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74
Q

3 Different Types of Skin Cancer

A

Melonoma Basil Squamous Cell

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75
Q

Melonoma

A

Can be treated but don’t want it. Can travel to new locations and distant locations early on. Always concerned about moles. A (Asymmetry) B (Regular Borders) C (Color) D (Diameter) Sometimes E. Mole Changing, Larger (5-10% maximum) Of different Cancer

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76
Q

Basil (80%)

A

Take a long time to Metasticize. Locally invades, sends tendrals below the surface and locally invades other areas.

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77
Q

Squamous (15-20%)

A

Scab looking. It doesn’t heal and if you scratch or peel it off, it tends to bleed more readily than the surrounding tissue does. It could be flaky skin. It takes long to Metasticize. If you’re gonna have a cancer, have this one, because it may be easier to cure. Don’t metasticize until you know they are there.

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78
Q

Pap Smear

A

Abnormal cells. HPV, Cervical Cancer, Throat Cancer, Abnormal Cells, Undergo changes over long periods or time

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79
Q

Epidermal Ridges

A

Vaginations of the epidermus down into the dermis

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80
Q

Dermis

A

Lies below the epidermis

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81
Q

Papillary Layer

A

More superficial, consist of loose connective tissue

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82
Q

Dermo Papdilla

A

Projects upwards, indignation of two layers. Mesh work of irregulated dense tissues. Creates better binding of the two layers. Elderly populations

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83
Q

Mesh

A

Irregular dense connective tissue. Fiber connection; Allows us to resist forces from different direction. Contains nerves, blood vessels, emphatic muscles

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84
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Hair Glands of the Skin Nails

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85
Q

Hair

A

About 500 million hairs on the human body Extension of Nervous System Acts as a filter: Hair in nostrils; Protects from UV Radiation Protects Eyes from UV Rays Hair serves to insulate our body

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86
Q

Hair Bulb

A

Has the white tip at the end of the piece of hair

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87
Q

Papilla

A

Network of capillaries and nerves at the base of the hair. Blood vessels are there for nutritional supply

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88
Q

Matrix

A

The arching area; Group of cells under constant division. Constantly dividing and work their way up to surface and become the hair shaft itself.

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89
Q

Medulla

A

Triangle area. Cells that contain soft keratin, become hard as they become exposed to hair. Becoming more durable. Just above matrix. Contains soft keratin

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90
Q

Internal Root Sheath

A

Inner border

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91
Q

External Root Sheath

A

Outer border, cuticle, shaft

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92
Q

Epithelial Cells arranged in 3 Concentric Layers

A

Medulla Cortex Cuticle

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93
Q

Cortex

A

Forms bulk of hair and consists of cells containing hard keratin

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94
Q

Cuticle

A

Single Layer of cells that forms the hair surface. Contains hard keratin, and edges of cuticle cells overlap like shingles on a roof. This is the hair shaft itself.

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95
Q

Hair Follicle Consists Of

A

Dermal Root Sheath and Epithelial Root Sheath

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96
Q

Glands of the Skin

A

Sebaceous Sweat

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97
Q

Sebaceous

A

Oil glands. Produce sebum. Glands found at the base of the hair follicle. Cholesterol, tri-glycerides, electrolytes, and some amount of water.

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98
Q

Function of Sebum

A

Conditions the skin and hair. Sebaceous are at the base of the hair follicle. Too much sebum makes our hair look oily looking, hair greasy. Shampoo and lotion get rid of the sebum.

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99
Q

Holocrine Secretions

A

Cells rupture and die when the sebum is released. Another cell has to takes it’s place

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100
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Classic sweat glands. Widely distributed on the body. Secretions are 99% water. Electrolytes are found there (salt). Water evaporates the electrolytes are on the skin. Function to cool the skin. Can also be involved in diluting surface toxins and bacteria.

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101
Q

Meracin Secretion

A

These cells that has vesicles that migrate towards the surface and fuse with the cell membranes to release secretions into the outside their environment.

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102
Q

Apacrine Glands

A

Located in the armpits, groin region, and around the nipples

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103
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Inactive prior to adolescence. Don’t produce a lot before. Musky body odor, part of sexual. Apacrine secretion. Cell that looks like apex. Cell ruptures at top releasing the contents and reseals and then produces more and ruptures again.

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104
Q

Exocrine Secretion

A

Secretions by the body that releases it’s contents into the duct.

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105
Q

Skeletal System

A

Talk about bones, ligaments, and cartilage because they all develop in the same way. Connective Tissue. Skeletal system comes from cartilage, cartilage becomes skeletal tissue

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106
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Provides Structure for our body Protection of Vital Organs - ribs, pelvis Skeletal Growth - Height Provides Attachment for locomotion Involved with mineral and calcium storage Involved in producing red and white blood cells Fat Storage

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107
Q

Fat Storage

A

Fat globulins into the blood stream can still cause you to die

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108
Q

Cartilage and Ligaments

A

Made up of 3 Major Things Specialized Cells Extracellular Proteins Ground Substance

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109
Q

Specialized Cell (1)

A

Congrosite is a general cell (fish eye nuclei) Cartilage extracellular protein fibers

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110
Q

Extra Cellular Collagen Fibers (2)

A

Most common. Best way to describe: Wet toothpick. Long and thin. More flexible. Real characteristic. Pound for pound they are stronger than steel. Related to their tensile strength

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111
Q

Tensile Strength

A

Ability to pull something apart. Resist tension. Hold force under tension. All of our tendons and ligaments are made up of collagen fiber. Dense connective tissue. Can we damage it? Yes but it has to take a lot of force.

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112
Q

Extra Cellular Elastic Fiber (2)

A

Branched; After stretched they return back to their normal shape and length. Where will we find it? Nose and Ears

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113
Q

Extra Cellular Reticular Fibers (2)

A

Branched and interwoven. And resist forces applied in many different directions. Found in loose area or connective issues. Holding organs in proper place.

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114
Q

Ground Substance (3)

A

Fills up spaces between the cells and the fibers. Made up of glycoprotein.

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115
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with sugars attached to it Means it has more protein than sugar attached to it.

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116
Q

Proteoglycan

A

Sugar with a protein attached to it. More sugar than protein attached to it.

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117
Q

Matrix

A

Combination of the extracellular protein fibers and ground substance. Much of the carbons in our bodies is made up of proteoglycans that we may have heard before. Chondroitin and Glucosamine Sulfate Cartilage is avascular.

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118
Q

How long it takes to heal if you break a bone

A

4-6 weeks

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119
Q

How long it takes to heal if you tear a ligament

A

4-6 months Building blocks need to be there to heal the damaged tissue

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120
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Glucosamine and Chondroitin

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121
Q

Lacuna

A

Open pockets within the matrix where the chondrocytes reside. Spaces within the matrix where the chondrocytes reside

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122
Q

Cartilage is avascular

A

No direct line to red blood cells. There is no direct blood supply to cartilage.

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123
Q

Perichondrian

A

Separating the cartilage from the tissue. Fibrous membrane that surrounds the cartilage

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124
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibral Cartilage

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125
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

most common cartilage found in the human body. Make up the joint ends. Wear and tear. It does two things for us, one it is a Shock absorber. And the second thing it does is it helps reduce friction at the knees and lower joints. Slightly flexible. Collagen fibers makes up 40% of weight of Hyaline Cartilage. Significant number of fibers in this tissue. (Shoulder Joint - Cartilage). Fish Eye presentation. Light Pink Color. Won’t see the fibers, but they’re there. Joint surfaces. Makes up the trachial wings (wind pipe). Other place you can find it is in the rib cartilage.

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126
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Contains a lot more elastic fibers. More elastic fibers. Fairly stiff, yet more flexible than Hyaline. Where do we find this? At the tip of the nose is where it’s found. The ears. And the epiglottis - the flap covering the top of the wind pipe for swallowing. So we don’t have water going down the wrong pipe. Looks like Hyaline Cartilage, as it’s foundation, but has an extra layer in between (elastic fibers) on top.

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127
Q

Fibral Cartilage

A

Very little ground substance. It has a tremendous amount of collagen fiber. Extremely tough and durable. Serves as a shock absorber. The bone would break before the cartilage would tear. Lacuna where cell resides. Fibral cartilage makes up a good portion of the intervertebral discs. SI joints as well is where we can find these. Pubic symphasis.

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128
Q

Matrix

A

Calcium Phosphate ground substance of bone. 2/3 of weight of bone. Very hard and plus have fibers. Calcium Phosphate + Calcium Hydroxide makes up a compound known as Hydroxyapatite to make a very hard rigid structure. Hydroxyapatite Characteristic: Allows the bone to withstand tremendous compressive forces. Can’t withstand impactful forces.

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129
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

make up the other 1/3 the weight of bone. Spiral like formation. It is a soft tissue. What do they add to characteristics collagen fiber add to the bone - Tensile strength. It adds flexibility of the bone, Green Stick Fraction Analogy - break a branch that is alive still, it is still frayed and very flexible and unable to tear it apart. The younger we are, the more collagen fiber we have, but the older we are the more brittle we are, it also adds the ability to withstand the impact forces. Makes the bone a little bit more flexible. Matrix and Collagen make the bone incredibly resistant to compressive forces and also impactful forces.

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130
Q

Specialized Cells

A

2% of weight of bone. Involved in why bone looks like the way it is and why bone has the characteristics it has

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131
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cell. Completely surrounded by Matrix and housed within it’s lacuna. These cells are involved in the repair and recycling of calcium salts.

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132
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Precursor cell. Immature bone cell. Osteoblasts secrete the bony matrix when they are completely surrounded by the bony matrix will now be called the osteocytes. Blasts means to build up.Are involved in producing the bony matrix when they are completely surrounded by the bony matrix.

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133
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cell

A

Osteo means bone. Pro means before. Genitor means genesis. Making bony matrix. Makes the osteoblast. Cell that actually makes the osteoblasts, and the osteoblasts make the bony matrix. Cells would be more active for someone who is young. Cartilage over time, will be calcified.

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134
Q

Osteoclast

A

multi-nucleated derived from the immuno system; Immuno competent. Gobble up the bony matrix and release it to the bone marrow. Clast means to break down. Bone is dynamic structure. It is constantly remodeling. Just like an adult. From minute to minute it is the bone that will be pulling calcium from the bone and putting it into the blood. Taking high level of calcium and putting it into the bone. Osteoblast when we’re younger. Osteocytes when we are older.

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135
Q

Calcium Reservoir

A

Bones serves as reservoir. Constantly laying down Calcium in the bone. And sometimes we are pulling calcium from the bone and maintain the narrow range as well.

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136
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

Remodeling. States that bone models to the stresses that are put upon them. Working out with weights will give you more bone density.

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137
Q

Two Types of bones

A

Compact Bone Spongy Bone

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138
Q

Compact Bone

A

Very dense, as name implies. This is bone we think of when we think of the long bones, majority of bones. Forms outer walls of bones. Comprised of mostly Osteons.

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139
Q

Osteon

A

Functional unit of compact bone. HAVERSIAN SYSTEM;. functional unit of the compact bone. cylindrical shaped structure. Concentric lemellae. aka haversian system. Has a central canal known as haversian canal. Contains arterial and a venule. This is where osteon gets blood supply. Also have concentric rings called concentric lamellae (rings that radiate outwards from central canal. Sandwiched in between lamellae are osteocytes. Next are little channels called canaliculi (means little canal); In the center, Haversian Canal, and it contains the blood vessels. Bone tissue is vascular. Canals or channels, or allow or diffusion of nutrients through the bone. There is a layer around central canal, called the endostium, which is a layer connective tissue lining the inside of the canal.

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140
Q

Canalculi

A

Allow Diffusion of nutrients through the bone

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141
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Lie between the osteons and have no blood supply

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142
Q

Canal of Volkmann

A

How haversian canal communicate with outside veins and canals

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143
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer layer of bone, divided into two layers. Peri means surrounding Outer layer is fibrous layer (lots of collagen fibers) Main function to protect bone and separate from other tissues Inner Layer is cellular layer

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144
Q

Endostium

A

Layer of connective tissue lining the inside of the canal

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145
Q

Nutrient Foraman

A

Opening of these canals of volkmann. What this tells you that there are significance of blood that enters and exits bone. The stem cells for blood queen B cells. White and Red blood cells are in the bone marrow

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146
Q

EPO

A

Erhthropoietin. Increase the production of red blood cells.

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147
Q

Spongy Bone (Trabecular Bone)

A

forms network of struts and plates within the central region of the bone. Found within the marrow cavities. No osteons located here. Instead there is a series of interstitial lamellae that are aka trabeculae.

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148
Q

Function of Spongy Bone

A

Lightens the weight of the bones Trabecula - serve as girders and laid down along the lines of stress. Reduce compressive stress inside the bones. The area of the yellow and/or red marrow

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149
Q

Typical Long Bone Structure

A

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, and Epiphyseal Plate

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150
Q

Long Bones

A

How they form or develop is from growth centers

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151
Q

4 Steps Involved In Bone Formation

A

Step 1 Start out as Cartilage first. No bone in this tissue yet. Beginning in the Utera. Chondrocytes, cartilage cell. They enlarge in the center of the bone. Lacuna enlarge with them. Leaving bony struts in the center of the diaphysis. Chondrocytes then die and leave back the struts and leaving the tiny holes. Step 2 Blood Vessels that encircle the shaft of the bone. The thought is that they are bringing the growth factors and their job is to tell the Chondrocytes that are here to convert to osteoblast and start to lay down the bony matrix that makes up this cortex within the diaphysis. Shaft becomes covered in bone Step 3 Some of the blood vessels perforate the bone. The shaft starts to ossify. And fibroblasts which are a precursor cartilage cell, connective tissue cell travel in and migrate in this region and they are converted to osteocytes and they form this little interface this little front line that starts to ossify. So that the ossification is occurring here and moving in different direction. Bone around the outer perimeter. Step 4 Continuation of step 3. Migrating towards the proximal and distal ends.

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152
Q

Enchondral Ossification

A

Cartilage to Bone Begins with cartilage formation as an embryo. This is the way that long bones develop

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153
Q

Secondary Ossification

A

Centers because they develop after the primary developes. They will grow out in different directions as the primary grows out of its center. Afterwards, they will eventually join together. Two lines are the growth plate. Still have cartilage in them.

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154
Q

Chondrocytes

A

are already resident in that tissue are converted to Osteoblasts which then convert to osteocytes. And then step 3 the fibroblasts that are migrating into that tissue that converted eventually to osteoblasts and osteocytes. But ultimately they are all going to be involved in producing the bony matrix. They produce bony matrix they are osteoblasts. When they are surrounded by the bony matrix they are osteocytes. Primary and secondary ossification starts and then they grow towards each other. Allows the bone to elongate and grow

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155
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Type of Ossification that occurs in flat bones. Example of flat bones: Scapula - these bones develop in the deeper layer of the dermis. Skull is another example. Cranium as well. Dermal bones. Growth in flat bones. Connective tissue to bone. Allows us to form dermal bones. Because this takes place in deep layers of the dermis.

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156
Q

3 Steps Involved in Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. Osteoblasts cluster in deep layers of the dermis and secrete a matrix which mineralizes through the crystalization of calcium salts. In the deep layers of the dermis, we see they develop a flat plate and then spicules it projects off of the flat plates which are the bony tracbecula known as Spicules. Process begins ossification center which traps osteoblasts converting them to osteocytes. 2. Struts, Spicules - Bone grows outward from the center in struts we call spicules 3. Spaces between the struts fill in with calcium. We start to see the spaces in between the spicules fill in and we end up with a bony plate on top and the center starts to lose some of it’s bond. Eventually end up with two plates with one on top and the bottom with some spicules in between that serve as Tribecula. Bone on the perimeter and the bone in the center with the spicules going in all directions.
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157
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Long axis of the body. Skull and the vertebral column make up the axial skeleton

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158
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Appendages. Upper and Lower extremities.

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159
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull broken down into two parts Cranium Portion that encases the brain facial bones which are the bones in front where the muscles of expression attach

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160
Q

Cranium

A

Protect and house the brain

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161
Q

Skull

A

Is made up by sutures joining together articulation is where two bones joint together where there is no movement or there is movement

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162
Q

Sutures

A

Zig Zag lines that join the flat bones of the skull together. Suture is a moveable joint for the most part. Interdigitations and allow tight binding between two bones.

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163
Q

4 Main Sutures of the skull

A

Lambdoidal Suture

Sagittal Suture

Coronal Suture

Squamous Suture(Lateral Suture)

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164
Q

Lambdoidal

A

Shape of the greek lambda symbol. Intersection is the lambda. Joins the two parietal bones with the occipital bone.

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165
Q

Sagittal Suture

A

Joins the Parietal Bone and Sagittal bones together

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166
Q

Coronal Suture

A

Joins the two parietal bones together with the frontal bone. Separates the frontal bones from the parietal bones

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167
Q

Squamous Suture

A

Joins the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone. Separates parietal bone and temporal bone

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168
Q

Lambda

A

Where the lambdoidal sutures meet the sagittal sutures

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169
Q

Bregma

A

Where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture. Bregma is in the front

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170
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Houses the occipital portion of the brain

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171
Q

Occipital Crest

A

Attachment for ligamentum nuchae (ligament that runs along the back of the neck)

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172
Q

External Occipital Protuberance

A

Also an attachment for ligamentum nuchae

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173
Q

Ligament of Nuchae

A

Neck ligament. Attaches along the occipital crest and the external occipital protuberance. Serves as an attachment for muscles in the neck.

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174
Q

Superior and Inferior Nuchae Lines

A

Attachment site for muscles and ligaments of the neck. Trapezius.

175
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Large Opening for spinal cord exiting the skull. Spine passes through the foramen magnum

176
Q

Hypoglossal Canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve Passes through here. Nerve for the tongue

177
Q

Difference between Canal and Foramen

A

Canals are given to a hole that doesn’t pass through the skull directly Foramen goes through the skull

178
Q

Parietal Bone

A

Superior and Inferior Temporal lines Attachment sites for a large muscle called a temporalis muscle (exterior skull) Involved in Chewing. Temporalis is a big muscle on the side

179
Q

Groove Middle Meningeal Artery

A

Arty passes through foramen spinosum. Sets in meninges dura.

180
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Suprorbital Margins Supraorbital foramen Lacrimal Fossa Frontal Sinuses

181
Q

Supraorbital Margins

A

Superior portion of the orbit Embossed regions above orbis Has to do with anomalies - variation

182
Q

Supraorbital Foramen

A

Houses the opthamalic portion of trigeminal nerve

183
Q

Lacrimal Fossa

A

Are the shell depressions on the roof underside of the orbit but located at the lateral left and right sides root Where it contains lacrimal gland or sets Depression where you can put your thumb in and it fits perfectly

184
Q

Frontal Sinuses

A

Behind glabella

185
Q

Temporal Bone

A

Two Parts Squamous Petrous

186
Q

Squamous

A

Flat Part

187
Q

Petrous

A

Pyramid shaped (houses the middle and inner ear)

188
Q

Mastoid Process

A

Attachment site for muscles that move the head

189
Q

Styloid Process

A

Attachment site for ligaments and muscles that support the hyoid bone and swallowing muscles Sharp Projection, medial and anterior to the mastoid process. Very commonly and easily broken off. Ligaments and muscles that come off the styloid process and that support hyloid bone and involved with the muscles of swallowing

190
Q

Styloid Mastoid Foramen

A

Little hole in between the styloid process and the mastoid process. Bells Palsy, nerve controlling facial expression.

191
Q

Bells Palsy

A

Nerve gets irritated and becomes swollen, impeded the electrical activity of the nerve

192
Q

Jugular Foramen

A

Jugular jagged. Lateral of occipital condyles, jugular vein travels. Cranial nerves travel through here. Internal jugular vein travels, blood travels from the brain back down to the heart. Cranial nerves also travel through here as well.

193
Q

Carotid Canal

A

Anterior and medial to the jugular foramen. ICA travels through the Carotid Canal. Enters the skull through the foramen lacerum and enters cranial vault.

194
Q

Living Tissue

A

Fibral cartilage tent over the foramen lacerum. There is no foramen lacerum

195
Q

Mandibular Fossa

A

Shallow depression just behind they zygomatic arch and that is where the mandibular condyle comes in contact with TMJ (Temporal Mandibular Joint) The mandibular fossa articulates with what structure? The mandibular condyle.

196
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

Are the 6 bones involved in hearing. Smallest bones in the human body. Three bones of the inner ear.

197
Q

External Auditory Meatus

A

Meatus is basically the Cul De Sac External Ear Canal, your inner ear

198
Q

Internal Auditory Meatus

A

From the ridge patorsal ridge. The first hole we see is the internal auditory meatus From the outside, the purpose to allow air waves to travel into, vibrate to the tempadic membrane. From the inside, this hole is for the nerve involved in picking up the sensation of hearing, sending it to the brain to decipher hearing

199
Q

Zygomatic Process

A

Of temporal bone. Temporal bone is here and the zygomatic bone is here, the two structures both make up the zygomatic arch. Portion of the temporal bone comes into contact with the zygomatic bone

200
Q

Temporal Process

A

Of Zygomatic Bone. Zygomatic Bone goes back to the temporal bone and the two coming together

201
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Zygomatic and Temporal bones together

202
Q

Sphenoid

A

Bat Like Structure

203
Q

Sella Turcica

A

Saddle of the Sphenoid. Looks like a saddle and goes down to the foramen

204
Q

Hypohyseal Fossa

A

Shallow depression in which the hypothesis sets. Hypothesis is just the same as pituitary gland

205
Q

Optic Groove

A

Groove that leads towards the optic canal

206
Q

Optical Canal and Foramen

A

Both are interchangeable

207
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A

From inside of skull, rotund means round, nerve comes in here goes through infraorbital foramen

208
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Relatively large and oval shaped. Straight through the skull. Houses 5th Cranial Nerve

209
Q

Foramen Spinosum

A

Small hole. Houses the meningeal artery. Vessel that travels through here lies along the inside of the parietal or temporal bone. If we have a skull fracture we could tear the vessel and have a epidural hematoma

210
Q

Greater Wing

A

located inferior and lower than lesser wing. Large plate of the sphenoid

211
Q

Lesser Wing

A

Is located superior or above the greater wing

212
Q

Medial Teraguay Plate

A

Wing like structure. There’s a plate that sticks out

213
Q

Lateral Plate

A

Assisting or helping with opening and closing of the jaw

214
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

In the center of the skull as well. Structure behind the nose

215
Q

Crista Galli

A

Looks like a sharks fin, sticks upward

216
Q

Cribiform Plate

A

Lateral to the crista galli Holes are the olfactory foramina

217
Q

Olfactory Foramina

A

Because there are many of them on the cribiform plate

218
Q

Lateral Masses

A

Ethmoid Sinuses Superior Nasal Concha

219
Q

Ethmoid Sinuses

A

Lighten the weight of the skull Open into the nasal cavity

220
Q

Superior Nasal Concha

A

Comes off of the lateral masses Middle Nasal Concha

221
Q

Turbinates

A

they create the turbulence of the air that travels through that region. What happens when you breathe in the air through your nose and creates turbulence with the air and throws the heavier dust particles or pollutants against the mucus membrane of the nasal region and maybe upper throat. It’s easier to clean this stuff out by swallowing or blowing it out. Prevents the dust particles and pollutants going down through your lungs.

222
Q

Perpendicular Plate

A

middle structure of the ethmoid bone. Makes up the upper anterior portion of the nasal septum.

223
Q

Vomer

A

lower bone of the nasal septum. Two bones that make up the nasal septum. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer.

224
Q

Facial Bones

A

Project down and forward off of the skull. We attach muscles and facial expression and where eating would occur.

225
Q

Cranial Bone

A

Protects the brain function of the facial bones.

226
Q

Maxilla Bone

A

Largest bones basically of the upper jaw

227
Q

Orbital Rim (Frontal (Upper), Zygomatic (Lateral), Maxilla (Interior or medial)

A

Most exposed and fragile

228
Q

Infraorbital Foramen

A

Supraorbital foramen above. This is the hole which the nerve that goes through which foramen rotundum exits

229
Q

Mental Foramen

A

5th Cranial Nerve has 3 sub branches from it. 3rd branch of nerves comes out of.

230
Q

Alveoli

A

Air pockets Little bumps Teeth root pockets

231
Q

Alveolar Margins

A

Teeth meets the bumps on the outside Gumline

232
Q

Alveoli Process

A

Bumps and processes where the roots have pushed the bone outward to provide those ridges

233
Q

Maxillary Sinus

A

Largest sinus in the skull. Maxillary sinuses is the most common sinuses infections happens.

234
Q

Palantine Process

A

The maxillary bone comes down and then part of it goes medially that forms these plates that make up the anterior root of the mouth. Then the anterior 2/3 of the hard pallet is going to be the palantine process of the maxillary bone. Posterior 1/3 will be the palantine bone

235
Q

Mandible

A

Lower part of the jaw

236
Q

Mandible Ramus

A

Projection off the main body Projection Upward

237
Q

Mandible Angle

A

Point where body and ramus meet down below

238
Q

Mandibular Condyle

A

Structure that articulate with the mandibular fossa and temporal bone Other part of the TMJ (Temporal Mandibular Joint)

239
Q

Coronoid Process

A

Is the projection that’s anterior to the condyle and projects up to the zygomatic arch

240
Q

Mandibular Foramen

A

medial aspect of mandible. Foramen ovale nerves enters the mandibular foramen. Inferior albuterol nerve. Sends the nerve to each teeth. Eventually the nerve exits out the mental foramen.

241
Q

Nasal Complex

A

Two parts of Nasal Septem Upper Part Lower Part

242
Q

Upper Part Nasal Complex

A

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

243
Q

Lower Part Nasal Complex

A

Vomer Bone

244
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Vomer and Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone

245
Q

Superior and Inferior Nasal Concha

A

function is to create the air turbulence, filter the air, and to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lung.

246
Q

Nasal Concha

A

Scroll like bones located in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

247
Q

Superior Nasal Concha

A

Ethmoid

248
Q

Middle Nasal Concha

A

Ethmoid

249
Q

Inferior Nasal Concha

A

Inferior nasal concha bone (separate bone)

250
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

lighten the weight of the skull, humidify warm air, produce mucus to filter dust particles. Provide vocal resonance - it’s the tone or quality to your voice. If you’re stuffed up, the tone of your voice changes.

251
Q

Frontal Sinuses

A

Located within the frontal bone behind glabella

252
Q

Sphenoidal Sinuses

A

In sphenoid bone below sella turcica

253
Q

Ethmoid Sinus

A

In ethmoid bone, directly behind nasal bone

254
Q

Maxillary Sinus

A

Largest bone, below orbits

255
Q

Vocal Resonance

A

tonal quality to your voice

256
Q

Bones of the Orbit

A

What’s the superior bone of the orbit? Frontal. What’s the Lateral bone of the orbit? Zygomatic Bone. What’s the inferior or medial bone? The Maxillary.

257
Q

Fontanelles of the Skull

A

soft spots of the skull. Not ossified yet. Serves as an important. Large areas of fibrous connective tissue that connects the flat bones of the skull together during fetal and neo natal developement.

258
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

The only bone in the human that doesn’t articulate with another bone. Supports swallowing. It’s below mandible. Muscles and ligaments that attach to it are involved in swallowing. The tongue and the voicebox. Projection called Greater Cornu - Horn; and then you got the Lesser Cornu

259
Q

Lacrimal Bone

A

Little bone where nasal lacrimal groove that goes through the front lacrimal allows us to drain tears from the eye socket into the nose

260
Q

Vertebral Column 5 Main Regions

A

Cervical Thoracis Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx

261
Q

Cervical

A

7 Vertebra and Neck

262
Q

Thoracis

A

12 Vertebra and Chest

263
Q

Lumbar

A

5 Vertebra and Low back

264
Q

Sacrum

A

Fused, pelvis, Sacral Vertebra

265
Q

Coccyx

A

Tail bone and 3-5 fused or unfused vertebra

266
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

Lie between the bodies of the vertebra

267
Q

Intervertebral Foramen

A

Two vertebra added together A hole in between the two

268
Q

Annulus Fibrosis

A

Outer fibrous ring. Fibrous connective tissue are in layers. Function is to retain the inner fluid

269
Q

Nucleus Pulposis

A

Jelly like center (water and fat). Found in Annulus Fibrosis

270
Q

Vertebral Arch

A

Body is the base and arch is above the tubecular

271
Q

Vertebral Disc

A

Shock absorber that lies between the vertebra bodies S Curves in the spine that allow the forces to be dissipated or directed away the longitudinal axis of the vertebra Helps absorb the shocks Get larger as you go through the vertebral column because it’s supporting more weight

272
Q

Herniated Disc

A

Putting pressure on the nerve

273
Q

Cervical Region

A

Cervical vertebra have few different characteristics. Represent the first 7 vertebra of the neck. So from the base of the skull. C1-C7.

274
Q

Split Spinous Process

A

increase the surface area for muscle attachment without having a long or elongated spinous process. If we did, every time we extend our neck, the spinous process would jam against each other and that can happen in the lumbar vertebra. But by splitting them out, we shorten them but still provides enough surface area for muscle attachment.

275
Q

Transverse Cervical Foramen

A

Two small foramen on the near side of the vertebral bodies. House the vertebral artery. Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebra do not have this structure. Only found in the cervical vertebra.

276
Q

Pedicle

A

Structure between the transverse process and the body

277
Q

Transverse Foramen

A

Vertebral artery Only found in the cervical vertebra

278
Q

Atlas

A

C1 Upper - serves for flexion and extension, it has no vertebral body. Because the dens fills the space where the body would have been. Dens comes from the Odontoid process, prodental. Looks like a little tooth in the space. Serves for flexion and extension. Holding up the skull.

279
Q

Structure behind the dens

A

Spinal Cord

280
Q

The ligament between the Dens and Spinal Cord

A

Transverse cervical ligament

281
Q

Transverse Cervical Ligament

A

Prevents the dens, which is a hard bony structure from impinging on the spinal cord which is not

282
Q

Dens

A

Part of C2. Axis is C2

283
Q

Odontoid Process

A

Dens fills the space where the body of C1 should be. Serves for axial rotation between C1 and C2

284
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

A

Typical looking vertebra

285
Q

Spinous Process

A

can be long, we don’t cause impingement of one spinous process on one another. The reason why is because the ribs attached to the 12 thoracic vertebra which significantly restricts range of motion in the thoracic region. We can’t rotate like in the vertical spine and lumbar spine. We extend far back.

286
Q

Articular Facets

A

On transverse process

287
Q

Demifacets

A

Articulation with rib head Part of or half of Serve as the attachment site of the rib head

288
Q

Decreased motion of Vertebrae

A

Due to attachment to ribs

289
Q

Rib Tubercle

A

Articulates with the Costal Facet on transverse process

290
Q

Rib Head

A

Two points of attachment Rib head and demifacets

291
Q

Costal Facet and Transverse Process Articulate With?

A

With Tubercle

292
Q

Lumbar Vertebra

A

Oversized vertebral body, get larger to support more weight of the column 1. Moderate Flexibility 2. Large Bodies; bearing of body weight

293
Q

How many pairs of ribs?

A

12 pairs of ribs

294
Q

How many lumbar vertebra?

A

5

295
Q

How many sacral vertebra

A

5

296
Q

How many Coccyx

A

3-5 fused or unfused. Any combination

297
Q

Sacrum

A

5 Vertebra that articulate with hip bones (pelvis and os coxa)

298
Q

5 Fused Vertebra

A

Helps us solidify the base of the vertebral column and then transfer the forces of the os coxa. Os Coxa are the pre bones of the pelvis. Don’t need those intervertebral disc there for support

299
Q

Sacral Foramina

A

Use to be the equivalent of the inner vertebral foramen.

300
Q

What does Ala mean?

A

Wing

301
Q

Medial Sacral Crest

A

Where the spinous process would have been

302
Q

Lateral Sacral Crest

A

Lateral to the sacral foramen

303
Q

Sacral Canal

A

Holes represent where the holes through which the nerve roots would pass out very similar to the intervertebral foramen.

304
Q

Sacral Hiatus

A

Bottom of Sacrum, it has an opening at the bottom

305
Q

Cornu

A

Means Horn

306
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

2 Parts Sternum Ribs

307
Q

Sternum

A

Manubrium; Upper portion superior body; Middle is the body Xiphoid Process: Inferior bottom portion makes up the sternum

308
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

In a younger person may still be cartilage and ossifies as we get older

309
Q

Ribs

A

12 Pairs of ribs True Ribs (vertebrosternal) Every single ribs has its own independent costal cartilage that goes to the sternum Ribs 1-7 Every single rib has it’s own costal cartilage that goes to the sternum

310
Q

Vertebrochondral Ribs

A

Part of the False ribs Attaches to 7’s costal cartilage by fusing together and merging with 7th Costal Cartilage and indirectly connecting to the sternum

311
Q

Floating Ribs

A

Ribs 11 & 12 Don’t attach to the front or to the sternum Protect kidneys Not costal cartilage attached

312
Q

Rib Movement

A

During respiration termed the bucket handle effect Attach in back of vertebra Ability of ribs to move up and down during expiration and respiration like a bucket handle

313
Q

Costal Groove

A

Upside down, tear drop Contains Vein, Artery, Nerve (Van) From top to bottom

314
Q

Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle

A

3 Bones Scapula Clavicle Humerus

315
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade, got some basic structures and not so basic structure. Triangular Shaped

316
Q

Body of Scapula

A

Forms a broad triangle with: Superior Border Medial Border Lateral Border

317
Q

Angles of Scapula

A

Superior Inferior Lateral

318
Q

Lateral

A

Socket joint (Glenoid Fossa)

319
Q

Anterior Surface of Scapula

A

Faces ribs

320
Q

Subscapular Fossa

A

Muscle attachment (subscapularis)

321
Q

Posterior Fossa of Scapula

A

Spine Supraspinous Fossa Infraspinous Fossa Acromion Process Glenoid Fossa Glenoid Labrum Coracoid Process Suprascapular Notch

322
Q

Supraspinous Fossa

A

Separated by the spine

323
Q

Infraspinous Fossa

A

separated by the spine

324
Q

Acromion Process

A

Blunt process at the end of the spine

325
Q

Glenoid Fossa

A

Large lateral shallow cup. Articulates with humeral head

326
Q

Glenoid Labrum

A

Cartilage lip that serves to deepen the glenoid fossa

327
Q

Coracoid Process

A

Arising off the superior border Medial to glenoid fossa

328
Q

Subscapular Notch

A

Notch on the superior border, medial to the coracoid process

329
Q

Clavicle

A

One way to tell is the Conoid Tubercle faces downward

330
Q

Median Sternal End

A

Only boney articulation of the pectoral girdle that articulates with the axial skeleton

331
Q

Lateral Acromial End

A

Articulates with the acromion (acromioclavicular joint) A.C. Tear is known as shoulder separation

332
Q

Humerus Brachium

A

Humeral head. Anatomical neck

333
Q

Distal Articulation

A

Radius of Ulna

334
Q

Proximal Articulation

A

Glenoid Fossa of scapula

335
Q

Boney Landmarks of Humerus

A

Head Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Intertubucular groove (bicipital groove) Anatomical neck Surgical neck Shaft Deltoid Tuberosity Radial Groove Medial and Lateral Epicondyles

336
Q

Head

A

Large round process that articulates with the glenoid fossa Ball and socket joint

337
Q

Greater Tubercle

A

Lateral to head on proximal epiphysis Site for rotator cuff muscle attachment Lateral and superior

338
Q

Lesser Tubercle

A

Inferior and medial

339
Q

Intertubucular Groove (Bicipital Groove)

A

Groove between the greater and lesser tubercles that houses the long head of the biceps tendon

340
Q

Deltoid Tuberosity

A

Half way down the shaft on the outside A little projection turning about 90 degrees you’ll actually see a V shape structure

341
Q

Radial Groove

A

behind the deltoid tuberosity is a little groove where the radial nerve would reside

342
Q

Anatomical Neck

A

Region between the head and the tubercles

343
Q

Surgical Neck

A

Metaphysical region Distal to the tubercles

344
Q

Shaft

A

Long round diaphysis

345
Q

Medial and Lateral

A

Expansions of the distal metaphysis Proximal to the distal articulations on lateral and medial sides of distal humerus

346
Q

Condyles of Humerus

A

Trochlea (Pulley) Capitulum (Head)

347
Q

Trochlea (Pulley)

A

Medial anterior boney prominence, pulley shaped Articulates with Ulna

348
Q

Capitulum (Head)

A

Spherical head shaped Articulates with radius distally

349
Q

Coronoid Fossa

A

Depression for the coronoid process of ulna Proximal or Superior to trochlea

350
Q

Radial Fossa

A

Depression for the radial head Proximal to capitulum Allows room for radial head during forearm flexion

351
Q

Olecranon Fossa

A

Depression for the olecranon process On posterior side Just proximal to condyles Room for Olecranon (elbow) during extension of forearm

352
Q

Radius and Ulna

A

Bones that makeup the forearm (antebrachium) Proximally they articulate with the humerus Distally they articulate with the wrist or carpal bones

353
Q

Ulna

A

Medially

354
Q

Boney Landmarks of Ulna

A

Olecranon Process Trochlear Notch Coronoid Process Radial Notch Interosseous Membrane Styloid Process

355
Q

Olecranon Process

A

Elbow Projection

356
Q

Trochlear Notch

A

Semi Lunar Notch Anterior articulating surface of the trochlea, fits into coronoid fossa of the humerus

357
Q

Coronoid Process

A

Projection at the anterior surface of the trochlea, fits into coronoid fossa of the humerus

358
Q

Radial Notch

A

Small articulating surface lateral to trochlear notch Articulates with radial head

359
Q

Interosseous Membrane

A

Fibrous membrane attaching the radial and ulnar shafts together

360
Q

Styloid Process of Ulna

A

Small process on medial side of distal ulna

361
Q

Radius

A

Lateral Rotates about it’s long axis

362
Q

Boney Landmarks of Radius

A

Head Neck Radial Tuberosity Styloid Process

363
Q

Head of Radius

A

Articulates with capitulum Proximal Cylindrical - shaped prominence

364
Q

Neck of Radius

A

Narrow portion distal to head

365
Q

Radial Tuberosity of Radius

A

Process distal neck Attachment site for some forearm flexors

366
Q

Styloid Process of Radius

A

Distal process on lateral side

367
Q

Carpals

A

8 Wrist Bones

368
Q

Distal Row (Lateral to Medial)

A

Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

369
Q

Proximal Row (Lateral to Medial)

A

Scaphoid Lunate (Lunar Shaped) Triquetral (Triangular) Pisiform (Pea Shaped, Sits on Triquetrum)

370
Q

Metacarpals Labeled 1-5 Lateral to Medial

A
  1. Base (Proximal) 2. Shaft 3. Head (Distal)
371
Q

Phalanges (Digits)

A

Thumb (Pollex) Digit #1 2-5 Phalanges (Base, Shaft, Head)

372
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Saddle Joint

373
Q

Proximal Phalanges

A

Proximal: Attaches to metacarpal bones Middle Distal: Has finger nail

374
Q

Carpometacarpal joint

A

Between carpals and metacarpals

375
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Between phalanges

376
Q

Pelvis Girdle

A

articulates with the sacrum posteriorly and the pubic symphasis anteriorly. made up of 3 fused bones (ox coxa). Form a relatively stable rigid platform with a little bit of flexibility. The flexibility occurs at the pubic symphasis and the midline. Nothing more than a fibral cartilage discs, like the discs found in the vertebra. SI joints, Sacroiliac joint, the junction between the sacrum and illium. Ligaments between them are extremely strong.

377
Q

Illium

A

Largest Most Superior

378
Q

Boney Landmarks of Illium

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) Iliac Crest Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS) Iliac Fossa: Medial shallow fossa. External Iliac Fossa Sacroiliac Joint: Auricular Surface Greater Sciatic Notch: Above Ischial Spine

379
Q

Ischium

A

Posterior, Inferior

380
Q

Boney Landmarks of Ischium

A

Ischial tuberosity Ischial Spine Ischial Ramus

381
Q

Ischial Tuberosity

A

Most inferior process of os coxa Hamstring attachment site

382
Q

Ischial Spine

A

Separates the greater and lesser sciatic notches

383
Q

Greater Sciatic Notch

A

Above

384
Q

Lesser Sciatic Notch

A

Below

385
Q

Ischial Ramus

A

Posterior portion of obturator foramen Anteriorly projecting arm that fuses with inferior pubic ramus

386
Q

Pubis

A

Anterior

387
Q

Boney Landmarks of Pubis

A

Pubic Symphasis Superior Ramus Inferior Ramus

388
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

Fibrocartilage junction between the right and left pubic bones

389
Q

Superior Ramus

A

Travels laterally and superiorly to fuse with ilium

390
Q

Inferior Ramus

A

Travels laterally and inferiorly to fuse with ischial ramus

391
Q

Ilium, Ischium, Pubic Bones form what?

A

Joint together at the hip to form the acetabulum or the hip socket Articulates with the femoral head

392
Q

Acetabular Labrum

A

Fibrocartilage rim or “lip” that serves to deepen the acetabulum

393
Q

Leg

A

Femur

394
Q

Boney Landmarks of Femur

A

Head Fovea Capitus Anatomical Neck Greater Trochanter Lesser Trochanter Intertrochanteric Line Gluteal Tuberosity Linea Aspera Medial Condyle Lateral Condyle Intercondylar Fossa Medial and Lateral Epicondyles Patellar Surface

395
Q

Head of Femur

A

Articulates with the acetabulum

396
Q

Fovea Capitus

A

Depression in the top of the head Ligamentous attachment and arterial supply of femoral head Dislocation can rupture this artery

397
Q

Anatomical Neck

A

Separates the head from the trochanters

398
Q

Greater Trochanter

A

Prominence on the proximal lateral superior femus Attachment for lateral hip stabilizers

399
Q

Lesser Trochanter

A

Prominence inferior and medial to greater trochanter Attachment for hip flexors

400
Q

Intertrochanteric Line

A

Line between trochanters on the anterior femoral surface for ligament and joint capsule attachment

401
Q

Gluteal Tuberosity

A

Posterior Prominence distal to the trochanters that merge with the linea aspera

402
Q

Linea Aspera

A

Crest running along the entire posterior shaft of the femur Attachment site for adductor and quadriceps muscles

403
Q

Linea Aspera Proximal

A

Merges with the gluteal tuberosity

404
Q

Lina Aspera Distal

A

Merges with medial and lateral supercondyler ridge

405
Q

Medial Condyle

A

Large smooth process on distal medial portion of the femur

406
Q

Lateral Condyle

A

Large smooth process on the distal lateral portion of femur

407
Q

Intercondylar Fossa

A

Deep groove between the condyles (anterior and posterior cruciate ligament lie in this groove)

408
Q

Medial and Lateral Epicondyles

A

Processes that sit laterally on top of each condyle

409
Q

Patellar Surface

A

Anterior distal smooth surface Articulates with the patella

410
Q

Patella

A

Serves an important function, increases leverage across a knee joint Sesmoid bones Sets within a tendon above what we called the tendon quadriceps tendon Largest sesamoid bone in the body Lies in the quadriceps tendon Base - Superior Apex - Inferior

411
Q

Popliteal fossa

A

posterior region of the knee

412
Q

Tibia

A

Bears 5/6 of the weight of the lower extremities Weight bearing bone through the foreleg Condyles of the tibia are lateral to the ground Fibula does not come into contact of the femur. Supports the shelf or the overhang of the lateral tibial condyle

413
Q

Boney Landmarks of Tibia

A

Medial and Lateral Condyles Intercondylar eminence Tibial Tuberosity Interosseous Crest Medial Malleolus

414
Q

Medial And Lateral Condyles Tibia

A

Large flat prominences on proximal tibia with articular surfaces that articulate with femoral condyles

415
Q

Intercondylar Eminence

A

small ridges separate the two articular surfaces of the condyles, looks like a small volcano. Edges are tibial spines. This is where the PCL and ACL travels through there. The ACL is the anterior cruciate ligament. More commonly damaged in females because of the increased q angle and the narrower intercondular notch or fossa, and the acl is smaller in diameter in females. Probably more ligament laxity in the female knee.

416
Q

Tibial Tuberosity

A

a projection anterior superior surface of the femur. Where the patellar ligament attaches. A process distal to the condyles in anterior surface.

417
Q

Interosseous Crest

A

attachment for interosseus membrane on lateral shaft. Connect the tibia and fibula together. A membrane attaches between the two of those.

418
Q

Medial Malleolus

A

projects medially, there’s a little depression. Angle mortise joint (provides lateral flexion to conform the uneven surfaces we walk on but also it allows for a significant amount of dorsian plantar flexion. Mallet or hammer the distal medial prominence. Derived from the word mallet.

419
Q

Fibula

A

long axis, non weight bearing lateral bone (1/6 of the weight). If you were to break it, you would not need to re-set it.

420
Q

Boney Landmarks of Fibula

A

Fibular Head Interosseous Crest of Fibula Lateral Malleolus Fibula

421
Q

Fibular Head

A

supports lateral condyle of the tibia, sets under the shelf. Does not come into contact with the femur; most proximal prominence, does not articulate with femur. Shaft - facing towards Interosseous crest

422
Q

Interosseous Crest of Fibula

A

attachment site for interosseous membrane on medial site terminates

423
Q

Lateral Malleolus of Fibula

A

which is the fibula terminates. Most inferior prominence of fibula (more distal that medial malleolus.

424
Q

Ankle

A

Tarsals and Meta Tarsals 7 Bones Analogous to Carpal bones of the wrist

425
Q

Talus

A

most superior bone, articulates with tibia and fibula proximally

426
Q

Calcaneus

A

attachment for Achilles’ tendon(tendon calcaneus), biggest bone of the foot, posterior bone. Forms base for talus bone, aka heel bone.

427
Q

Navicular

A

Anterior to talus on medial side of foot (keystone medial longitudinal arch)

428
Q

Cuneiform

A

lie anterior to the navicular and articulate the first three metatarsals distally. Medial Intermediate Lateral

429
Q

Cuboid

A

anterior to calcaneus, lateral to navicular, most lateral bone, articulates with 4&5 digits.

430
Q

Metatarsals

A

5 bones - as in the upper digits there are: Proximal Middle Distal Hallux - big toe (digit #1) only has a proximal and distal phalanyx

431
Q

Functional Purpose of Arch

A

Provides shock absorption. Outside of the foot, no arch like the medial side of the foot(inside). Much more flexible. Conforms to the surfaces we walk on. Greater balance

432
Q

3 Points of Contact

A

Heel Head of 1st Metatarsal Head of 5th Metatarsal

433
Q

Lisfranc Injury

A

Plantar Flexion and disarticulation from between the tarsals and metatarsals

Human Anatomy & Physiology Bones (1 decks)

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