Bone Physiology Flashcards
Nuclear Membrane
made up of phospholipid bilayer Nucleus ramps up transfer translation and makes up a lot of hemoglobin Nucleus spits out and there is no more ability for making hemoglobin, Dead packet of hemoglobin Cell lasts 120 days bc there’s nothing to replenish cell membrane. Red cell becomes fragile and friable as it goes through the nooks and crannies of the spleen. liver and spleen where the red blood cells go through. It will be broken and will be reused
Endoplasmic Reticulum
transport vesicles and replenish Golgi Apparatus, and it will eventually produce secretory vesicles in some cells. Phospholipids are made deep within a cell.
Cell Membrane
Impermeable
Peripheral Proteins
lie along inside cell membrane, not embedded in the cell membrane, serves several purposes: transport (sometimes), cell signaling pathways found in the cells, but the Inner portion cell membrane. Serve specific purposes: could be involved in transport. Involved in the cell signaling pathway. Commonly involved with activating intracellular pathways to make other molecules inside the cell.
Cell Signaling Pathway
peripheral proteins are involved with the pathway. But it’s a pathway that activates some type of activity within the cell. Transferred to the inner translation to make something else.
Integral Proteins
embedded in phospholipid bilayer and span the entire the width or breadth of the phospholipid bilayer. Functions as a channel to allow molecules to travel through. The type of molecules that go through are water soluble. Proteins have a large number of negatively charged ions associated with them. Water transports easily across the cell membrane through some of the channels.
Cell to Cell Recognition
Protein that is embedded but doesn’t have a channel
Glycolipids
involved in the cell to cell recognitions. On surface of cell membrane are glycolipids serving as receptors or markers, has sugar and fat in it.
Proteins
55% proteins, make up majority of the mass in the cell membranes
Cholesterol
makes up 13% of the cell membrane. 4 ring carbon structure. Lipid loving. Cholesterol is good and bad. They are a innocent bystander in cardiovascular disease. It could just be bad genes. And for vast majority of population it’s high blood pressure and inflammation that cause cardiovascular disease.
Cholesterol does two things to the Cell Membrane
- Provides more movement of phosphate heads within the cell membrane. Makes cell membrane more dynamic. 2. Makes it easier for steroid molecules to pass through the cell membrane. Steroid molecules do not need to pass through the channels. It can go through directly. Pass through the cell membrane and bind into intracellular receptors.
Physical Isolation
protective barrier between what’s outside the cell and inside the cell.
Regulation
regulates exchange of materials between outside and inside the cell.
Sensitivity
Monitor what’s outside the cell or external environment
Structural Support
this cell membrane is loosely attached to micro filaments. Binding to that helps it provide shape and support for the cell and cell’s neighbor
Impermeable
Nothing can pass through the cell
Freely Permeable
Anything can pass through the cell
Semi-Permeable
Allows certain things to pass through and other things not pass through
Diffusion
Sodium moving across. Movement of specific molecule from the area of higher concentration to its area of lower concentration until the concentration gradient is eliminated
Gradient
Is a difference
Why does diffusion occur
Because of Brownian motion. Thats the Molecular motion imparted in most molecules we’re dealing with. If we increase the heat, the water has a certain amount of molecular motion to it. Heat will cause water to go through a phase change. Heat imparted into the system that causes the molecular motion.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water; higher concentration to lower concentration until the concentration gradient is eliminated; Random motion that allows or causes this to happen.
Solute
Substance dissolved in a aqueous or liquid solution
Solution
The fluid containing dissolved solutes Biological system: The solution is always water
Solute or Water Across the Membrane
Water moves to the side of higher solute concentration. Lots of solute on the right. The water will move to the left. Will see an increase in the height of the water on the left side and decrease the height of the water on the right side
Osmotic Pressure
is the pressure required on the high solute concentration side to prevent further movement of water to that side. The amount of pressure required to stop Osmosis. If we don’t exert enough downward exposure osmosis will still continue to occur and stopper will continue to rise upward. Exerted too much pressure downward then the water will be pushed in the opposite direction. But if we have the same amount of pressure is equal in both ways, and we can determine osmotic pressure.
Tonicity
takes osmotic pressure in diffusion and allows it to spill over into living systems; various effects that osmotic solutions have on living cells.
Isotonic
same concentration inside or outside the cell or solution. No net movement. No change in size or shape of the cell.
Hypotonic
Cell will shrink. Crenation(cell shrinkage). Higher solute concentration outside the cell than to small solute concentration inside. Water will move outside the cell. Water is pulled out.
Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport)
requires no energy in the form of ATP, common method by which molecules are passively transported across the cell membrane. Insulin responsible to transport glucose across the cell membrane.
Steps in Facilitated Diffusion
Step 1. Molecules binds to the receptor site on the transport protein. Step 2. The next step in the process causes a conformational change(shape change) in the receptor protein. Step 3. The final step the receptor protein releases the molecule to the inside of the cell. Requires no energy in the form of ATP. Osmosis and diffusion are passive.
Filtration
movement of H2O and small solute molecules across the semi permeable membrane due to either gravity or hydrostatic pressure. Example: Coffee Filter Kidney, Gravity
Gravity of Blood
Capillaries are semi permeable membrane and red blood cells are in there and don’t make it across because they are too big. Water will leak out of the vessel.
Capillaries
Capillaries are one cell thick. Very permeable. Fenestrations, squamous and flat. Easy movement across this membrane. Ions, gases, wastes. Where gas exchange really occurs.
Gravity
is one force exerted in this instance of the filtration mechanism. A certain amount of fluid is going to flow outside the capillaries into an area or space Interstitial tissue and that’s where we get the swelling for example our ankles. Water weight and much more solvent which allows things to get pulled through.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Water pressure, in the human body, is exerted or caused by the heart pumping. We’ve got gravitational forces and the heart pumping. Good thing the heart pumps because it helps overcome some of the gravitational forces. If we have gravity pulling the fluid column to our feet what will push up the blood up to our head, heart? It has to be the heart. Heart’s job is to not only push the blood down but also pump up the blood up our body through the capillaries and outside to the interstitial space between the capillaries. We have about 6 liters of blood. Half red blood cells, other half of blood would be cosma?? Red cells can’t make it outside of the capillaries as long as it’s not damaged. Higher to lower pressure and outside into the tissue space.
What overcomes Hydrostatic Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
can overcome the hydrostatic pressure to pull back the water back into the capillaries. Water is drawn is towards the higher side of higher solute concentration.
Solute Molecules
In the form of proteins that pull the water back into the capillaries
Albumen to Globulin Ratio
Evaluates the amount albumen and globulin in proteins found in the blood. Cascading mechanism for clotting of globular protein functions. But the albumen is there to serve as the osmotic agent.
Net Fluid is always where and where does it go?
outside, plus 1 mercury pressure that isn’t retained in the capillaries. Where does it go? There’s another system that helps to reclaim it. Lymphatic system. Lymphatic channels, that are very thin blood vessels where fluid ends up in these channels and eventually those go into the sub-clavien veins in the neck or upper chest region. So it eventually does go back into the cardiovascular system and travel through lymph nodes which is cleaned before it does and goes back in.
Active Transport
Facilitated transport was a passive process requiring no ATP. Requires energy in the form of ATP for this process to occur to move new materials Independent of the concentration gradient. It doesn’t matter what the concentration is. Why do we have to move molecules against the gradient? The stomach, for example. We take hydrogen ions out of the blood and we actively transport them into the stomach. High acid concentration so that we can begin the process of digestion of the food.
Sodium ACT Pump
it uses one molecule of ATP to send 3 Sodium ions outside the cell and 2 Potassium into the cell. Net gain of one cation outside the cell.
Vesicular Transport
Allows Large Molecules to pass through the cell membrane. Transport via vesicles, like the peripheral proteins, clathrin, located underneath the receptors. Actin and Myosin, main proteins in muscle contraction. Involved in this process, helping bring things into the cell.
Endocytosis
Cell breaking. Bringing of fluid into the cell
Phagocytosis
Cell eating. White blood cells do this for a living. They eat bad cells. Active Process
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Exocytosis
Cell getting rid of something. White blood cells take something in and it spits out. Residual body.
3 Different Types of Tissues
Ligaments Tendons Bones
4 Different Types of Muscle Cells
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Nervous
Skeletal
Very large and very long. Fibrous Cell. Striations, skeletal muscle cells are multi-nucleated
Cardiac Muscle
Branched interconnected cells. Each individual muscle contract on its own. Found around the heart and are interconnected.
Intercalated Discs
Gap junctions. Portals in between two cells that allow vector co-conduction that happens in one cell transferred to another cell.
Functional Cessation
Function or work together
Smooth Muscle
Nuclei Interspersed. No Striations in them. Actin and Myosin are found and disorganized. Lack of organizations allows us to contract those muscles further. Involuntary muscles. Don’t consciously have control over the muscles.
Nervous Muscle
Conduct Electrical Impulses
Integumentary System of the Body
One of the largest organs in the body and is certainly vital to survival. Also known as the skin
Functions of the skin
Protection Temperature Regulation Extension of our nervous system Excretory System Synthesis of Vitamin D Storage of Nutrients
Temperature Regulation
Goose bumps, hairs on our body, send blood to and away when our body is hot or cold
Excretory System
Digestive system - excretes solid waste. Kidneys excrete liquid waste. Sweat out toxins, salt, electrolytes
Storage of Nutrients
The least valid, extension of synthesis of Vitamin D.
3 Components of Skin
Epidermis Demis Accessory Structures
Epidermis
Outermost to innermost
Stratum Corneum
15-30 dead keratinized cells
Keratinization
Process by which keratin hardens when it is exposed to air. Make it tough and durable. 2-3 week process to make its way up to the top
Statum Lucidum
Evident in the Palm of the hands and sole of the feet. Serves to protect from the environment since it’s exposed a lot. Has Proteins (Keratohyalin). Will make the protein in this layer Eleidin (Translucent Layer)
Stratum Granulosum
Staining techniques; Grainy layer, contain Kerotinosytes. Produce Keratohyalin. Pre-Cursor to Keratin
Stratum Spinosum
8-10 cells thick. Made of Kerotinosytes. Find a group of Langerhan’s Cells here. They are immuno competent cells derive from the immune system.
Immuno Competent Cells
Main function is to fight infection in the superficial layers of the skin
Stratum Germinativum
Lowest layer, it has a number of characteristics 1. Stem Cells that constantly dividing, they move up through the layers that will eventually be sloughed off. Precursor cells under constant division 2. Merkel Cell - areas where hair is not prevalent and they are sensitive to touch. Connected to the nervous system. Areas where there is very little hair is where you will find them. Serve to increase sensation of touch where there is no hair.
Merkel Cells
Stem Cells
Stem Cells
Constantly dividing. Beginning cells, divide into what is necessary, precursor cells. Constantly dividing to make new cells, make ways up towards surface and sloughed off. 15-30 cells thick. Dead cells. Karotenized because of the air.
Melanocytes
Make melanin. Different from melatonin. Involved in pigmentation of the skin. Function is to protect the skin from UV Radiation.
3 Different Types of Skin Cancer
Melonoma Basil Squamous Cell
Melonoma
Can be treated but don’t want it. Can travel to new locations and distant locations early on. Always concerned about moles. A (Asymmetry) B (Regular Borders) C (Color) D (Diameter) Sometimes E. Mole Changing, Larger (5-10% maximum) Of different Cancer
Basil (80%)
Take a long time to Metasticize. Locally invades, sends tendrals below the surface and locally invades other areas.
Squamous (15-20%)
Scab looking. It doesn’t heal and if you scratch or peel it off, it tends to bleed more readily than the surrounding tissue does. It could be flaky skin. It takes long to Metasticize. If you’re gonna have a cancer, have this one, because it may be easier to cure. Don’t metasticize until you know they are there.
Pap Smear
Abnormal cells. HPV, Cervical Cancer, Throat Cancer, Abnormal Cells, Undergo changes over long periods or time
Epidermal Ridges
Vaginations of the epidermus down into the dermis
Dermis
Lies below the epidermis
Papillary Layer
More superficial, consist of loose connective tissue
Dermo Papdilla
Projects upwards, indignation of two layers. Mesh work of irregulated dense tissues. Creates better binding of the two layers. Elderly populations
Mesh
Irregular dense connective tissue. Fiber connection; Allows us to resist forces from different direction. Contains nerves, blood vessels, emphatic muscles
Accessory Structures
Hair Glands of the Skin Nails
Hair
About 500 million hairs on the human body Extension of Nervous System Acts as a filter: Hair in nostrils; Protects from UV Radiation Protects Eyes from UV Rays Hair serves to insulate our body
Hair Bulb
Has the white tip at the end of the piece of hair
Papilla
Network of capillaries and nerves at the base of the hair. Blood vessels are there for nutritional supply
Matrix
The arching area; Group of cells under constant division. Constantly dividing and work their way up to surface and become the hair shaft itself.
Medulla
Triangle area. Cells that contain soft keratin, become hard as they become exposed to hair. Becoming more durable. Just above matrix. Contains soft keratin
Internal Root Sheath
Inner border
External Root Sheath
Outer border, cuticle, shaft
Epithelial Cells arranged in 3 Concentric Layers
Medulla Cortex Cuticle
Cortex
Forms bulk of hair and consists of cells containing hard keratin
Cuticle
Single Layer of cells that forms the hair surface. Contains hard keratin, and edges of cuticle cells overlap like shingles on a roof. This is the hair shaft itself.
Hair Follicle Consists Of
Dermal Root Sheath and Epithelial Root Sheath
Glands of the Skin
Sebaceous Sweat
Sebaceous
Oil glands. Produce sebum. Glands found at the base of the hair follicle. Cholesterol, tri-glycerides, electrolytes, and some amount of water.
Function of Sebum
Conditions the skin and hair. Sebaceous are at the base of the hair follicle. Too much sebum makes our hair look oily looking, hair greasy. Shampoo and lotion get rid of the sebum.
Holocrine Secretions
Cells rupture and die when the sebum is released. Another cell has to takes it’s place
Sweat Glands
Classic sweat glands. Widely distributed on the body. Secretions are 99% water. Electrolytes are found there (salt). Water evaporates the electrolytes are on the skin. Function to cool the skin. Can also be involved in diluting surface toxins and bacteria.
Meracin Secretion
These cells that has vesicles that migrate towards the surface and fuse with the cell membranes to release secretions into the outside their environment.
Apacrine Glands
Located in the armpits, groin region, and around the nipples
Sudoriferous Glands
Inactive prior to adolescence. Don’t produce a lot before. Musky body odor, part of sexual. Apacrine secretion. Cell that looks like apex. Cell ruptures at top releasing the contents and reseals and then produces more and ruptures again.
Exocrine Secretion
Secretions by the body that releases it’s contents into the duct.
Skeletal System
Talk about bones, ligaments, and cartilage because they all develop in the same way. Connective Tissue. Skeletal system comes from cartilage, cartilage becomes skeletal tissue
Functions of Skeletal System
Provides Structure for our body Protection of Vital Organs - ribs, pelvis Skeletal Growth - Height Provides Attachment for locomotion Involved with mineral and calcium storage Involved in producing red and white blood cells Fat Storage
Fat Storage
Fat globulins into the blood stream can still cause you to die
Cartilage and Ligaments
Made up of 3 Major Things Specialized Cells Extracellular Proteins Ground Substance
Specialized Cell (1)
Congrosite is a general cell (fish eye nuclei) Cartilage extracellular protein fibers
Extra Cellular Collagen Fibers (2)
Most common. Best way to describe: Wet toothpick. Long and thin. More flexible. Real characteristic. Pound for pound they are stronger than steel. Related to their tensile strength
Tensile Strength
Ability to pull something apart. Resist tension. Hold force under tension. All of our tendons and ligaments are made up of collagen fiber. Dense connective tissue. Can we damage it? Yes but it has to take a lot of force.
Extra Cellular Elastic Fiber (2)
Branched; After stretched they return back to their normal shape and length. Where will we find it? Nose and Ears
Extra Cellular Reticular Fibers (2)
Branched and interwoven. And resist forces applied in many different directions. Found in loose area or connective issues. Holding organs in proper place.
Ground Substance (3)
Fills up spaces between the cells and the fibers. Made up of glycoprotein.
Glycoprotein
Protein with sugars attached to it Means it has more protein than sugar attached to it.
Proteoglycan
Sugar with a protein attached to it. More sugar than protein attached to it.
Matrix
Combination of the extracellular protein fibers and ground substance. Much of the carbons in our bodies is made up of proteoglycans that we may have heard before. Chondroitin and Glucosamine Sulfate Cartilage is avascular.
How long it takes to heal if you break a bone
4-6 weeks
How long it takes to heal if you tear a ligament
4-6 months Building blocks need to be there to heal the damaged tissue
Chondrocytes
Glucosamine and Chondroitin
Lacuna
Open pockets within the matrix where the chondrocytes reside. Spaces within the matrix where the chondrocytes reside
Cartilage is avascular
No direct line to red blood cells. There is no direct blood supply to cartilage.
Perichondrian
Separating the cartilage from the tissue. Fibrous membrane that surrounds the cartilage
3 Types of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibral Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
most common cartilage found in the human body. Make up the joint ends. Wear and tear. It does two things for us, one it is a Shock absorber. And the second thing it does is it helps reduce friction at the knees and lower joints. Slightly flexible. Collagen fibers makes up 40% of weight of Hyaline Cartilage. Significant number of fibers in this tissue. (Shoulder Joint - Cartilage). Fish Eye presentation. Light Pink Color. Won’t see the fibers, but they’re there. Joint surfaces. Makes up the trachial wings (wind pipe). Other place you can find it is in the rib cartilage.
Elastic Cartilage
Contains a lot more elastic fibers. More elastic fibers. Fairly stiff, yet more flexible than Hyaline. Where do we find this? At the tip of the nose is where it’s found. The ears. And the epiglottis - the flap covering the top of the wind pipe for swallowing. So we don’t have water going down the wrong pipe. Looks like Hyaline Cartilage, as it’s foundation, but has an extra layer in between (elastic fibers) on top.
Fibral Cartilage
Very little ground substance. It has a tremendous amount of collagen fiber. Extremely tough and durable. Serves as a shock absorber. The bone would break before the cartilage would tear. Lacuna where cell resides. Fibral cartilage makes up a good portion of the intervertebral discs. SI joints as well is where we can find these. Pubic symphasis.
Matrix
Calcium Phosphate ground substance of bone. 2/3 of weight of bone. Very hard and plus have fibers. Calcium Phosphate + Calcium Hydroxide makes up a compound known as Hydroxyapatite to make a very hard rigid structure. Hydroxyapatite Characteristic: Allows the bone to withstand tremendous compressive forces. Can’t withstand impactful forces.
Collagen Fibers
make up the other 1/3 the weight of bone. Spiral like formation. It is a soft tissue. What do they add to characteristics collagen fiber add to the bone - Tensile strength. It adds flexibility of the bone, Green Stick Fraction Analogy - break a branch that is alive still, it is still frayed and very flexible and unable to tear it apart. The younger we are, the more collagen fiber we have, but the older we are the more brittle we are, it also adds the ability to withstand the impact forces. Makes the bone a little bit more flexible. Matrix and Collagen make the bone incredibly resistant to compressive forces and also impactful forces.
Specialized Cells
2% of weight of bone. Involved in why bone looks like the way it is and why bone has the characteristics it has
Osteocytes
mature bone cell. Completely surrounded by Matrix and housed within it’s lacuna. These cells are involved in the repair and recycling of calcium salts.
Osteoblasts
Precursor cell. Immature bone cell. Osteoblasts secrete the bony matrix when they are completely surrounded by the bony matrix will now be called the osteocytes. Blasts means to build up.Are involved in producing the bony matrix when they are completely surrounded by the bony matrix.
Osteoprogenitor Cell
Osteo means bone. Pro means before. Genitor means genesis. Making bony matrix. Makes the osteoblast. Cell that actually makes the osteoblasts, and the osteoblasts make the bony matrix. Cells would be more active for someone who is young. Cartilage over time, will be calcified.
Osteoclast
multi-nucleated derived from the immuno system; Immuno competent. Gobble up the bony matrix and release it to the bone marrow. Clast means to break down. Bone is dynamic structure. It is constantly remodeling. Just like an adult. From minute to minute it is the bone that will be pulling calcium from the bone and putting it into the blood. Taking high level of calcium and putting it into the bone. Osteoblast when we’re younger. Osteocytes when we are older.
Calcium Reservoir
Bones serves as reservoir. Constantly laying down Calcium in the bone. And sometimes we are pulling calcium from the bone and maintain the narrow range as well.
Wolf’s Law
Remodeling. States that bone models to the stresses that are put upon them. Working out with weights will give you more bone density.
Two Types of bones
Compact Bone Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Very dense, as name implies. This is bone we think of when we think of the long bones, majority of bones. Forms outer walls of bones. Comprised of mostly Osteons.
Osteon
Functional unit of compact bone. HAVERSIAN SYSTEM;. functional unit of the compact bone. cylindrical shaped structure. Concentric lemellae. aka haversian system. Has a central canal known as haversian canal. Contains arterial and a venule. This is where osteon gets blood supply. Also have concentric rings called concentric lamellae (rings that radiate outwards from central canal. Sandwiched in between lamellae are osteocytes. Next are little channels called canaliculi (means little canal); In the center, Haversian Canal, and it contains the blood vessels. Bone tissue is vascular. Canals or channels, or allow or diffusion of nutrients through the bone. There is a layer around central canal, called the endostium, which is a layer connective tissue lining the inside of the canal.
Canalculi
Allow Diffusion of nutrients through the bone
Interstitial Lamellae
Lie between the osteons and have no blood supply
Canal of Volkmann
How haversian canal communicate with outside veins and canals
Periosteum
Outer layer of bone, divided into two layers. Peri means surrounding Outer layer is fibrous layer (lots of collagen fibers) Main function to protect bone and separate from other tissues Inner Layer is cellular layer
Endostium
Layer of connective tissue lining the inside of the canal
Nutrient Foraman
Opening of these canals of volkmann. What this tells you that there are significance of blood that enters and exits bone. The stem cells for blood queen B cells. White and Red blood cells are in the bone marrow
EPO
Erhthropoietin. Increase the production of red blood cells.
Spongy Bone (Trabecular Bone)
forms network of struts and plates within the central region of the bone. Found within the marrow cavities. No osteons located here. Instead there is a series of interstitial lamellae that are aka trabeculae.
Function of Spongy Bone
Lightens the weight of the bones Trabecula - serve as girders and laid down along the lines of stress. Reduce compressive stress inside the bones. The area of the yellow and/or red marrow
Typical Long Bone Structure
Diaphysis, Epiphysis, and Epiphyseal Plate
Long Bones
How they form or develop is from growth centers
4 Steps Involved In Bone Formation
Step 1 Start out as Cartilage first. No bone in this tissue yet. Beginning in the Utera. Chondrocytes, cartilage cell. They enlarge in the center of the bone. Lacuna enlarge with them. Leaving bony struts in the center of the diaphysis. Chondrocytes then die and leave back the struts and leaving the tiny holes. Step 2 Blood Vessels that encircle the shaft of the bone. The thought is that they are bringing the growth factors and their job is to tell the Chondrocytes that are here to convert to osteoblast and start to lay down the bony matrix that makes up this cortex within the diaphysis. Shaft becomes covered in bone Step 3 Some of the blood vessels perforate the bone. The shaft starts to ossify. And fibroblasts which are a precursor cartilage cell, connective tissue cell travel in and migrate in this region and they are converted to osteocytes and they form this little interface this little front line that starts to ossify. So that the ossification is occurring here and moving in different direction. Bone around the outer perimeter. Step 4 Continuation of step 3. Migrating towards the proximal and distal ends.
Enchondral Ossification
Cartilage to Bone Begins with cartilage formation as an embryo. This is the way that long bones develop
Secondary Ossification
Centers because they develop after the primary developes. They will grow out in different directions as the primary grows out of its center. Afterwards, they will eventually join together. Two lines are the growth plate. Still have cartilage in them.
Chondrocytes
are already resident in that tissue are converted to Osteoblasts which then convert to osteocytes. And then step 3 the fibroblasts that are migrating into that tissue that converted eventually to osteoblasts and osteocytes. But ultimately they are all going to be involved in producing the bony matrix. They produce bony matrix they are osteoblasts. When they are surrounded by the bony matrix they are osteocytes. Primary and secondary ossification starts and then they grow towards each other. Allows the bone to elongate and grow
Intramembranous Ossification
Type of Ossification that occurs in flat bones. Example of flat bones: Scapula - these bones develop in the deeper layer of the dermis. Skull is another example. Cranium as well. Dermal bones. Growth in flat bones. Connective tissue to bone. Allows us to form dermal bones. Because this takes place in deep layers of the dermis.
3 Steps Involved in Intramembranous Ossification
- Osteoblasts cluster in deep layers of the dermis and secrete a matrix which mineralizes through the crystalization of calcium salts. In the deep layers of the dermis, we see they develop a flat plate and then spicules it projects off of the flat plates which are the bony tracbecula known as Spicules. Process begins ossification center which traps osteoblasts converting them to osteocytes. 2. Struts, Spicules - Bone grows outward from the center in struts we call spicules 3. Spaces between the struts fill in with calcium. We start to see the spaces in between the spicules fill in and we end up with a bony plate on top and the center starts to lose some of it’s bond. Eventually end up with two plates with one on top and the bottom with some spicules in between that serve as Tribecula. Bone on the perimeter and the bone in the center with the spicules going in all directions.
Axial Skeleton
Long axis of the body. Skull and the vertebral column make up the axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Appendages. Upper and Lower extremities.
Axial Skeleton
Skull broken down into two parts Cranium Portion that encases the brain facial bones which are the bones in front where the muscles of expression attach
Cranium
Protect and house the brain
Skull
Is made up by sutures joining together articulation is where two bones joint together where there is no movement or there is movement
Sutures
Zig Zag lines that join the flat bones of the skull together. Suture is a moveable joint for the most part. Interdigitations and allow tight binding between two bones.
4 Main Sutures of the skull
Lambdoidal Suture
Sagittal Suture
Coronal Suture
Squamous Suture(Lateral Suture)
Lambdoidal
Shape of the greek lambda symbol. Intersection is the lambda. Joins the two parietal bones with the occipital bone.
Sagittal Suture
Joins the Parietal Bone and Sagittal bones together
Coronal Suture
Joins the two parietal bones together with the frontal bone. Separates the frontal bones from the parietal bones
Squamous Suture
Joins the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone. Separates parietal bone and temporal bone
Lambda
Where the lambdoidal sutures meet the sagittal sutures
Bregma
Where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture. Bregma is in the front
Occipital Bone
Houses the occipital portion of the brain
Occipital Crest
Attachment for ligamentum nuchae (ligament that runs along the back of the neck)
External Occipital Protuberance
Also an attachment for ligamentum nuchae
Ligament of Nuchae
Neck ligament. Attaches along the occipital crest and the external occipital protuberance. Serves as an attachment for muscles in the neck.
Superior and Inferior Nuchae Lines
Attachment site for muscles and ligaments of the neck. Trapezius.
Foramen Magnum
Large Opening for spinal cord exiting the skull. Spine passes through the foramen magnum
Hypoglossal Canal
Hypoglossal nerve Passes through here. Nerve for the tongue
Difference between Canal and Foramen
Canals are given to a hole that doesn’t pass through the skull directly Foramen goes through the skull
Parietal Bone
Superior and Inferior Temporal lines Attachment sites for a large muscle called a temporalis muscle (exterior skull) Involved in Chewing. Temporalis is a big muscle on the side
Groove Middle Meningeal Artery
Arty passes through foramen spinosum. Sets in meninges dura.
Frontal Bone
Suprorbital Margins Supraorbital foramen Lacrimal Fossa Frontal Sinuses
Supraorbital Margins
Superior portion of the orbit Embossed regions above orbis Has to do with anomalies - variation
Supraorbital Foramen
Houses the opthamalic portion of trigeminal nerve
Lacrimal Fossa
Are the shell depressions on the roof underside of the orbit but located at the lateral left and right sides root Where it contains lacrimal gland or sets Depression where you can put your thumb in and it fits perfectly
Frontal Sinuses
Behind glabella
Temporal Bone
Two Parts Squamous Petrous
Squamous
Flat Part
Petrous
Pyramid shaped (houses the middle and inner ear)
Mastoid Process
Attachment site for muscles that move the head
Styloid Process
Attachment site for ligaments and muscles that support the hyoid bone and swallowing muscles Sharp Projection, medial and anterior to the mastoid process. Very commonly and easily broken off. Ligaments and muscles that come off the styloid process and that support hyloid bone and involved with the muscles of swallowing
Styloid Mastoid Foramen
Little hole in between the styloid process and the mastoid process. Bells Palsy, nerve controlling facial expression.
Bells Palsy
Nerve gets irritated and becomes swollen, impeded the electrical activity of the nerve
Jugular Foramen
Jugular jagged. Lateral of occipital condyles, jugular vein travels. Cranial nerves travel through here. Internal jugular vein travels, blood travels from the brain back down to the heart. Cranial nerves also travel through here as well.
Carotid Canal
Anterior and medial to the jugular foramen. ICA travels through the Carotid Canal. Enters the skull through the foramen lacerum and enters cranial vault.
Living Tissue
Fibral cartilage tent over the foramen lacerum. There is no foramen lacerum
Mandibular Fossa
Shallow depression just behind they zygomatic arch and that is where the mandibular condyle comes in contact with TMJ (Temporal Mandibular Joint) The mandibular fossa articulates with what structure? The mandibular condyle.
Auditory Ossicles
Are the 6 bones involved in hearing. Smallest bones in the human body. Three bones of the inner ear.
External Auditory Meatus
Meatus is basically the Cul De Sac External Ear Canal, your inner ear
Internal Auditory Meatus
From the ridge patorsal ridge. The first hole we see is the internal auditory meatus From the outside, the purpose to allow air waves to travel into, vibrate to the tempadic membrane. From the inside, this hole is for the nerve involved in picking up the sensation of hearing, sending it to the brain to decipher hearing
Zygomatic Process
Of temporal bone. Temporal bone is here and the zygomatic bone is here, the two structures both make up the zygomatic arch. Portion of the temporal bone comes into contact with the zygomatic bone
Temporal Process
Of Zygomatic Bone. Zygomatic Bone goes back to the temporal bone and the two coming together
Zygomatic Arch
Zygomatic and Temporal bones together
Sphenoid
Bat Like Structure
Sella Turcica
Saddle of the Sphenoid. Looks like a saddle and goes down to the foramen
Hypohyseal Fossa
Shallow depression in which the hypothesis sets. Hypothesis is just the same as pituitary gland
Optic Groove
Groove that leads towards the optic canal
Optical Canal and Foramen
Both are interchangeable
Foramen Rotundum
From inside of skull, rotund means round, nerve comes in here goes through infraorbital foramen
Foramen Ovale
Relatively large and oval shaped. Straight through the skull. Houses 5th Cranial Nerve
Foramen Spinosum
Small hole. Houses the meningeal artery. Vessel that travels through here lies along the inside of the parietal or temporal bone. If we have a skull fracture we could tear the vessel and have a epidural hematoma
Greater Wing
located inferior and lower than lesser wing. Large plate of the sphenoid
Lesser Wing
Is located superior or above the greater wing
Medial Teraguay Plate
Wing like structure. There’s a plate that sticks out
Lateral Plate
Assisting or helping with opening and closing of the jaw
Ethmoid Bone
In the center of the skull as well. Structure behind the nose
Crista Galli
Looks like a sharks fin, sticks upward
Cribiform Plate
Lateral to the crista galli Holes are the olfactory foramina
Olfactory Foramina
Because there are many of them on the cribiform plate
Lateral Masses
Ethmoid Sinuses Superior Nasal Concha
Ethmoid Sinuses
Lighten the weight of the skull Open into the nasal cavity
Superior Nasal Concha
Comes off of the lateral masses Middle Nasal Concha
Turbinates
they create the turbulence of the air that travels through that region. What happens when you breathe in the air through your nose and creates turbulence with the air and throws the heavier dust particles or pollutants against the mucus membrane of the nasal region and maybe upper throat. It’s easier to clean this stuff out by swallowing or blowing it out. Prevents the dust particles and pollutants going down through your lungs.
Perpendicular Plate
middle structure of the ethmoid bone. Makes up the upper anterior portion of the nasal septum.
Vomer
lower bone of the nasal septum. Two bones that make up the nasal septum. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer.
Facial Bones
Project down and forward off of the skull. We attach muscles and facial expression and where eating would occur.
Cranial Bone
Protects the brain function of the facial bones.
Maxilla Bone
Largest bones basically of the upper jaw
Orbital Rim (Frontal (Upper), Zygomatic (Lateral), Maxilla (Interior or medial)
Most exposed and fragile
Infraorbital Foramen
Supraorbital foramen above. This is the hole which the nerve that goes through which foramen rotundum exits
Mental Foramen
5th Cranial Nerve has 3 sub branches from it. 3rd branch of nerves comes out of.
Alveoli
Air pockets Little bumps Teeth root pockets
Alveolar Margins
Teeth meets the bumps on the outside Gumline
Alveoli Process
Bumps and processes where the roots have pushed the bone outward to provide those ridges
Maxillary Sinus
Largest sinus in the skull. Maxillary sinuses is the most common sinuses infections happens.
Palantine Process
The maxillary bone comes down and then part of it goes medially that forms these plates that make up the anterior root of the mouth. Then the anterior 2/3 of the hard pallet is going to be the palantine process of the maxillary bone. Posterior 1/3 will be the palantine bone
Mandible
Lower part of the jaw
Mandible Ramus
Projection off the main body Projection Upward
Mandible Angle
Point where body and ramus meet down below
Mandibular Condyle
Structure that articulate with the mandibular fossa and temporal bone Other part of the TMJ (Temporal Mandibular Joint)
Coronoid Process
Is the projection that’s anterior to the condyle and projects up to the zygomatic arch
Mandibular Foramen
medial aspect of mandible. Foramen ovale nerves enters the mandibular foramen. Inferior albuterol nerve. Sends the nerve to each teeth. Eventually the nerve exits out the mental foramen.
Nasal Complex
Two parts of Nasal Septem Upper Part Lower Part
Upper Part Nasal Complex
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Lower Part Nasal Complex
Vomer Bone
Nasal Septum
Vomer and Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone
Superior and Inferior Nasal Concha
function is to create the air turbulence, filter the air, and to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lung.
Nasal Concha
Scroll like bones located in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities
Superior Nasal Concha
Ethmoid
Middle Nasal Concha
Ethmoid
Inferior Nasal Concha
Inferior nasal concha bone (separate bone)
Paranasal Sinuses
lighten the weight of the skull, humidify warm air, produce mucus to filter dust particles. Provide vocal resonance - it’s the tone or quality to your voice. If you’re stuffed up, the tone of your voice changes.
Frontal Sinuses
Located within the frontal bone behind glabella
Sphenoidal Sinuses
In sphenoid bone below sella turcica
Ethmoid Sinus
In ethmoid bone, directly behind nasal bone
Maxillary Sinus
Largest bone, below orbits
Vocal Resonance
tonal quality to your voice
Bones of the Orbit
What’s the superior bone of the orbit? Frontal. What’s the Lateral bone of the orbit? Zygomatic Bone. What’s the inferior or medial bone? The Maxillary.
Fontanelles of the Skull
soft spots of the skull. Not ossified yet. Serves as an important. Large areas of fibrous connective tissue that connects the flat bones of the skull together during fetal and neo natal developement.
Hyoid Bone
The only bone in the human that doesn’t articulate with another bone. Supports swallowing. It’s below mandible. Muscles and ligaments that attach to it are involved in swallowing. The tongue and the voicebox. Projection called Greater Cornu - Horn; and then you got the Lesser Cornu
Lacrimal Bone
Little bone where nasal lacrimal groove that goes through the front lacrimal allows us to drain tears from the eye socket into the nose
Vertebral Column 5 Main Regions
Cervical Thoracis Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
Cervical
7 Vertebra and Neck
Thoracis
12 Vertebra and Chest
Lumbar
5 Vertebra and Low back
Sacrum
Fused, pelvis, Sacral Vertebra
Coccyx
Tail bone and 3-5 fused or unfused vertebra
Intervertebral Discs
Lie between the bodies of the vertebra
Intervertebral Foramen
Two vertebra added together A hole in between the two
Annulus Fibrosis
Outer fibrous ring. Fibrous connective tissue are in layers. Function is to retain the inner fluid
Nucleus Pulposis
Jelly like center (water and fat). Found in Annulus Fibrosis
Vertebral Arch
Body is the base and arch is above the tubecular
Vertebral Disc
Shock absorber that lies between the vertebra bodies S Curves in the spine that allow the forces to be dissipated or directed away the longitudinal axis of the vertebra Helps absorb the shocks Get larger as you go through the vertebral column because it’s supporting more weight
Herniated Disc
Putting pressure on the nerve
Cervical Region
Cervical vertebra have few different characteristics. Represent the first 7 vertebra of the neck. So from the base of the skull. C1-C7.
Split Spinous Process
increase the surface area for muscle attachment without having a long or elongated spinous process. If we did, every time we extend our neck, the spinous process would jam against each other and that can happen in the lumbar vertebra. But by splitting them out, we shorten them but still provides enough surface area for muscle attachment.
Transverse Cervical Foramen
Two small foramen on the near side of the vertebral bodies. House the vertebral artery. Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebra do not have this structure. Only found in the cervical vertebra.
Pedicle
Structure between the transverse process and the body
Transverse Foramen
Vertebral artery Only found in the cervical vertebra
Atlas
C1 Upper - serves for flexion and extension, it has no vertebral body. Because the dens fills the space where the body would have been. Dens comes from the Odontoid process, prodental. Looks like a little tooth in the space. Serves for flexion and extension. Holding up the skull.
Structure behind the dens
Spinal Cord
The ligament between the Dens and Spinal Cord
Transverse cervical ligament
Transverse Cervical Ligament
Prevents the dens, which is a hard bony structure from impinging on the spinal cord which is not
Dens
Part of C2. Axis is C2
Odontoid Process
Dens fills the space where the body of C1 should be. Serves for axial rotation between C1 and C2
Thoracic Vertebra
Typical looking vertebra
Spinous Process
can be long, we don’t cause impingement of one spinous process on one another. The reason why is because the ribs attached to the 12 thoracic vertebra which significantly restricts range of motion in the thoracic region. We can’t rotate like in the vertical spine and lumbar spine. We extend far back.
Articular Facets
On transverse process
Demifacets
Articulation with rib head Part of or half of Serve as the attachment site of the rib head
Decreased motion of Vertebrae
Due to attachment to ribs
Rib Tubercle
Articulates with the Costal Facet on transverse process
Rib Head
Two points of attachment Rib head and demifacets
Costal Facet and Transverse Process Articulate With?
With Tubercle
Lumbar Vertebra
Oversized vertebral body, get larger to support more weight of the column 1. Moderate Flexibility 2. Large Bodies; bearing of body weight
How many pairs of ribs?
12 pairs of ribs
How many lumbar vertebra?
5
How many sacral vertebra
5
How many Coccyx
3-5 fused or unfused. Any combination
Sacrum
5 Vertebra that articulate with hip bones (pelvis and os coxa)
5 Fused Vertebra
Helps us solidify the base of the vertebral column and then transfer the forces of the os coxa. Os Coxa are the pre bones of the pelvis. Don’t need those intervertebral disc there for support
Sacral Foramina
Use to be the equivalent of the inner vertebral foramen.
What does Ala mean?
Wing
Medial Sacral Crest
Where the spinous process would have been
Lateral Sacral Crest
Lateral to the sacral foramen
Sacral Canal
Holes represent where the holes through which the nerve roots would pass out very similar to the intervertebral foramen.
Sacral Hiatus
Bottom of Sacrum, it has an opening at the bottom
Cornu
Means Horn
Thoracic Cage
2 Parts Sternum Ribs
Sternum
Manubrium; Upper portion superior body; Middle is the body Xiphoid Process: Inferior bottom portion makes up the sternum
Xiphoid Process
In a younger person may still be cartilage and ossifies as we get older
Ribs
12 Pairs of ribs True Ribs (vertebrosternal) Every single ribs has its own independent costal cartilage that goes to the sternum Ribs 1-7 Every single rib has it’s own costal cartilage that goes to the sternum
Vertebrochondral Ribs
Part of the False ribs Attaches to 7’s costal cartilage by fusing together and merging with 7th Costal Cartilage and indirectly connecting to the sternum
Floating Ribs
Ribs 11 & 12 Don’t attach to the front or to the sternum Protect kidneys Not costal cartilage attached
Rib Movement
During respiration termed the bucket handle effect Attach in back of vertebra Ability of ribs to move up and down during expiration and respiration like a bucket handle
Costal Groove
Upside down, tear drop Contains Vein, Artery, Nerve (Van) From top to bottom
Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle
3 Bones Scapula Clavicle Humerus
Scapula
Shoulder blade, got some basic structures and not so basic structure. Triangular Shaped
Body of Scapula
Forms a broad triangle with: Superior Border Medial Border Lateral Border
Angles of Scapula
Superior Inferior Lateral
Lateral
Socket joint (Glenoid Fossa)
Anterior Surface of Scapula
Faces ribs
Subscapular Fossa
Muscle attachment (subscapularis)
Posterior Fossa of Scapula
Spine Supraspinous Fossa Infraspinous Fossa Acromion Process Glenoid Fossa Glenoid Labrum Coracoid Process Suprascapular Notch
Supraspinous Fossa
Separated by the spine
Infraspinous Fossa
separated by the spine
Acromion Process
Blunt process at the end of the spine
Glenoid Fossa
Large lateral shallow cup. Articulates with humeral head
Glenoid Labrum
Cartilage lip that serves to deepen the glenoid fossa
Coracoid Process
Arising off the superior border Medial to glenoid fossa
Subscapular Notch
Notch on the superior border, medial to the coracoid process
Clavicle
One way to tell is the Conoid Tubercle faces downward
Median Sternal End
Only boney articulation of the pectoral girdle that articulates with the axial skeleton
Lateral Acromial End
Articulates with the acromion (acromioclavicular joint) A.C. Tear is known as shoulder separation
Humerus Brachium
Humeral head. Anatomical neck
Distal Articulation
Radius of Ulna
Proximal Articulation
Glenoid Fossa of scapula
Boney Landmarks of Humerus
Head Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Intertubucular groove (bicipital groove) Anatomical neck Surgical neck Shaft Deltoid Tuberosity Radial Groove Medial and Lateral Epicondyles
Head
Large round process that articulates with the glenoid fossa Ball and socket joint
Greater Tubercle
Lateral to head on proximal epiphysis Site for rotator cuff muscle attachment Lateral and superior
Lesser Tubercle
Inferior and medial
Intertubucular Groove (Bicipital Groove)
Groove between the greater and lesser tubercles that houses the long head of the biceps tendon
Deltoid Tuberosity
Half way down the shaft on the outside A little projection turning about 90 degrees you’ll actually see a V shape structure
Radial Groove
behind the deltoid tuberosity is a little groove where the radial nerve would reside
Anatomical Neck
Region between the head and the tubercles
Surgical Neck
Metaphysical region Distal to the tubercles
Shaft
Long round diaphysis
Medial and Lateral
Expansions of the distal metaphysis Proximal to the distal articulations on lateral and medial sides of distal humerus
Condyles of Humerus
Trochlea (Pulley) Capitulum (Head)
Trochlea (Pulley)
Medial anterior boney prominence, pulley shaped Articulates with Ulna
Capitulum (Head)
Spherical head shaped Articulates with radius distally
Coronoid Fossa
Depression for the coronoid process of ulna Proximal or Superior to trochlea
Radial Fossa
Depression for the radial head Proximal to capitulum Allows room for radial head during forearm flexion
Olecranon Fossa
Depression for the olecranon process On posterior side Just proximal to condyles Room for Olecranon (elbow) during extension of forearm
Radius and Ulna
Bones that makeup the forearm (antebrachium) Proximally they articulate with the humerus Distally they articulate with the wrist or carpal bones
Ulna
Medially
Boney Landmarks of Ulna
Olecranon Process Trochlear Notch Coronoid Process Radial Notch Interosseous Membrane Styloid Process
Olecranon Process
Elbow Projection
Trochlear Notch
Semi Lunar Notch Anterior articulating surface of the trochlea, fits into coronoid fossa of the humerus
Coronoid Process
Projection at the anterior surface of the trochlea, fits into coronoid fossa of the humerus
Radial Notch
Small articulating surface lateral to trochlear notch Articulates with radial head
Interosseous Membrane
Fibrous membrane attaching the radial and ulnar shafts together
Styloid Process of Ulna
Small process on medial side of distal ulna
Radius
Lateral Rotates about it’s long axis
Boney Landmarks of Radius
Head Neck Radial Tuberosity Styloid Process
Head of Radius
Articulates with capitulum Proximal Cylindrical - shaped prominence
Neck of Radius
Narrow portion distal to head
Radial Tuberosity of Radius
Process distal neck Attachment site for some forearm flexors
Styloid Process of Radius
Distal process on lateral side
Carpals
8 Wrist Bones
Distal Row (Lateral to Medial)
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Proximal Row (Lateral to Medial)
Scaphoid Lunate (Lunar Shaped) Triquetral (Triangular) Pisiform (Pea Shaped, Sits on Triquetrum)
Metacarpals Labeled 1-5 Lateral to Medial
- Base (Proximal) 2. Shaft 3. Head (Distal)
Phalanges (Digits)
Thumb (Pollex) Digit #1 2-5 Phalanges (Base, Shaft, Head)
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Saddle Joint
Proximal Phalanges
Proximal: Attaches to metacarpal bones Middle Distal: Has finger nail
Carpometacarpal joint
Between carpals and metacarpals
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Between phalanges
Pelvis Girdle
articulates with the sacrum posteriorly and the pubic symphasis anteriorly. made up of 3 fused bones (ox coxa). Form a relatively stable rigid platform with a little bit of flexibility. The flexibility occurs at the pubic symphasis and the midline. Nothing more than a fibral cartilage discs, like the discs found in the vertebra. SI joints, Sacroiliac joint, the junction between the sacrum and illium. Ligaments between them are extremely strong.
Illium
Largest Most Superior
Boney Landmarks of Illium
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) Iliac Crest Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS) Iliac Fossa: Medial shallow fossa. External Iliac Fossa Sacroiliac Joint: Auricular Surface Greater Sciatic Notch: Above Ischial Spine
Ischium
Posterior, Inferior
Boney Landmarks of Ischium
Ischial tuberosity Ischial Spine Ischial Ramus
Ischial Tuberosity
Most inferior process of os coxa Hamstring attachment site
Ischial Spine
Separates the greater and lesser sciatic notches
Greater Sciatic Notch
Above
Lesser Sciatic Notch
Below
Ischial Ramus
Posterior portion of obturator foramen Anteriorly projecting arm that fuses with inferior pubic ramus
Pubis
Anterior
Boney Landmarks of Pubis
Pubic Symphasis Superior Ramus Inferior Ramus
Pubic Symphysis
Fibrocartilage junction between the right and left pubic bones
Superior Ramus
Travels laterally and superiorly to fuse with ilium
Inferior Ramus
Travels laterally and inferiorly to fuse with ischial ramus
Ilium, Ischium, Pubic Bones form what?
Joint together at the hip to form the acetabulum or the hip socket Articulates with the femoral head
Acetabular Labrum
Fibrocartilage rim or “lip” that serves to deepen the acetabulum
Leg
Femur
Boney Landmarks of Femur
Head Fovea Capitus Anatomical Neck Greater Trochanter Lesser Trochanter Intertrochanteric Line Gluteal Tuberosity Linea Aspera Medial Condyle Lateral Condyle Intercondylar Fossa Medial and Lateral Epicondyles Patellar Surface
Head of Femur
Articulates with the acetabulum
Fovea Capitus
Depression in the top of the head Ligamentous attachment and arterial supply of femoral head Dislocation can rupture this artery
Anatomical Neck
Separates the head from the trochanters
Greater Trochanter
Prominence on the proximal lateral superior femus Attachment for lateral hip stabilizers
Lesser Trochanter
Prominence inferior and medial to greater trochanter Attachment for hip flexors
Intertrochanteric Line
Line between trochanters on the anterior femoral surface for ligament and joint capsule attachment
Gluteal Tuberosity
Posterior Prominence distal to the trochanters that merge with the linea aspera
Linea Aspera
Crest running along the entire posterior shaft of the femur Attachment site for adductor and quadriceps muscles
Linea Aspera Proximal
Merges with the gluteal tuberosity
Lina Aspera Distal
Merges with medial and lateral supercondyler ridge
Medial Condyle
Large smooth process on distal medial portion of the femur
Lateral Condyle
Large smooth process on the distal lateral portion of femur
Intercondylar Fossa
Deep groove between the condyles (anterior and posterior cruciate ligament lie in this groove)
Medial and Lateral Epicondyles
Processes that sit laterally on top of each condyle
Patellar Surface
Anterior distal smooth surface Articulates with the patella
Patella
Serves an important function, increases leverage across a knee joint Sesmoid bones Sets within a tendon above what we called the tendon quadriceps tendon Largest sesamoid bone in the body Lies in the quadriceps tendon Base - Superior Apex - Inferior
Popliteal fossa
posterior region of the knee
Tibia
Bears 5/6 of the weight of the lower extremities Weight bearing bone through the foreleg Condyles of the tibia are lateral to the ground Fibula does not come into contact of the femur. Supports the shelf or the overhang of the lateral tibial condyle
Boney Landmarks of Tibia
Medial and Lateral Condyles Intercondylar eminence Tibial Tuberosity Interosseous Crest Medial Malleolus
Medial And Lateral Condyles Tibia
Large flat prominences on proximal tibia with articular surfaces that articulate with femoral condyles
Intercondylar Eminence
small ridges separate the two articular surfaces of the condyles, looks like a small volcano. Edges are tibial spines. This is where the PCL and ACL travels through there. The ACL is the anterior cruciate ligament. More commonly damaged in females because of the increased q angle and the narrower intercondular notch or fossa, and the acl is smaller in diameter in females. Probably more ligament laxity in the female knee.
Tibial Tuberosity
a projection anterior superior surface of the femur. Where the patellar ligament attaches. A process distal to the condyles in anterior surface.
Interosseous Crest
attachment for interosseus membrane on lateral shaft. Connect the tibia and fibula together. A membrane attaches between the two of those.
Medial Malleolus
projects medially, there’s a little depression. Angle mortise joint (provides lateral flexion to conform the uneven surfaces we walk on but also it allows for a significant amount of dorsian plantar flexion. Mallet or hammer the distal medial prominence. Derived from the word mallet.
Fibula
long axis, non weight bearing lateral bone (1/6 of the weight). If you were to break it, you would not need to re-set it.
Boney Landmarks of Fibula
Fibular Head Interosseous Crest of Fibula Lateral Malleolus Fibula
Fibular Head
supports lateral condyle of the tibia, sets under the shelf. Does not come into contact with the femur; most proximal prominence, does not articulate with femur. Shaft - facing towards Interosseous crest
Interosseous Crest of Fibula
attachment site for interosseous membrane on medial site terminates
Lateral Malleolus of Fibula
which is the fibula terminates. Most inferior prominence of fibula (more distal that medial malleolus.
Ankle
Tarsals and Meta Tarsals 7 Bones Analogous to Carpal bones of the wrist
Talus
most superior bone, articulates with tibia and fibula proximally
Calcaneus
attachment for Achilles’ tendon(tendon calcaneus), biggest bone of the foot, posterior bone. Forms base for talus bone, aka heel bone.
Navicular
Anterior to talus on medial side of foot (keystone medial longitudinal arch)
Cuneiform
lie anterior to the navicular and articulate the first three metatarsals distally. Medial Intermediate Lateral
Cuboid
anterior to calcaneus, lateral to navicular, most lateral bone, articulates with 4&5 digits.
Metatarsals
5 bones - as in the upper digits there are: Proximal Middle Distal Hallux - big toe (digit #1) only has a proximal and distal phalanyx
Functional Purpose of Arch
Provides shock absorption. Outside of the foot, no arch like the medial side of the foot(inside). Much more flexible. Conforms to the surfaces we walk on. Greater balance
3 Points of Contact
Heel Head of 1st Metatarsal Head of 5th Metatarsal
Lisfranc Injury
Plantar Flexion and disarticulation from between the tarsals and metatarsals
