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Kinesiology Exam 1 > Bone, Joint, Muscle Biomechanics > Flashcards

Bone, Joint, Muscle Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of bone?

A
  1. stability- provide a frame to support body
  2. mobility- attachment for muscle sites and therefore moving limbs
  3. protection- spinal cord
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2
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A
  1. corticol (hard)- dense, forms outer layer

2. trabecular (spongy bone)- low density, fills interior

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3
Q

How do we fracture a bone?

A

apply excessive amount of force to the bone

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4
Q

How do we get compression fracture?

A

two forces move to each other in same line of action

ex. compression fracture

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5
Q

How do we get torsion fracture?

A

two torques rotate the object in different directions

ex. tibia fracture- turning the tibia forcefully while foot is on ground

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6
Q

How do we get tension fracture?

A

two forces move away from each other in same line of action

ex. transverse patella fracture

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7
Q

How do we get bending fracture?

A

compression force applies to one side of the object while tension force applies to the other side of object

ex. FOOSH, colles fracture

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8
Q

How do we get shear fracture?

A

two forces move towards or away from each in different lines of action

ex. tibia fracture- blow to tibia while foot is planted

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9
Q

Wolff’s law

A

if loading on a particular bone increases the bone will remodel itself overtime to become stronger to resist that sort of loading

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10
Q

What is stiffness in biomechanics terms?

A

stress/ strain

the object is stiff if a large amount of force can be applied and only a small amount of change in shape

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11
Q

Which bone is more stiff a normal bone or immobilized bone?

A

normal

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12
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A
  1. synarthrosis- joint that can hardly move (skull)
  2. ampiarthrosis- joints that can slight move usually fibrocartilage (IV discs, SI joint)
  3. diarthrosis- joints that can move freely and have DOF
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13
Q

In biomechanics how is DOF defined?

A

as the number of axis that the joint can rotate around

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14
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

articular surfaces are flat, allow gliding motions

ex. intercarpal bones

0 DOF

ligaments always support these joints

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15
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

modeled like a door hinge

ex. humeroulnar joint

1 DOF

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16
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

a ring shape bone rotates on the longitudinal axis of the other bone

ex. AA joint, supination/pronation

1 DOF, facilitates transverse rotation

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17
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

joint surface looks like a saddle that has both convex-concave configurations

ex. CMC jt

allows 2 DOF

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18
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

an oval head sits on an elliptical cavity

ex. radiocarpal joints

allows 2 DOF

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19
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

ball head sits on a round socket

ex. shoulder (deep) and hip (shallow)

allow 3 DOF

20
Q

What factors contribute to joint stability?

A
  1. joint configuration- less mobility more stability
  2. Soft tissues- ligaments, muscles and jt capsule
  3. joint position
21
Q

What does a close packed jt position mean?

A

the joint space is minimized

most ligaments and joints around joint are taut

ex. closed pack knee- full extension and ER
closed pack ankle- DF

22
Q

What does a loose packed jt position mean?

A

jt space is maximized

most ligaments and capsule are loose around jt

ex. loose pack for knee= 25 flexion

this is important for joint mobs

23
Q

What involves a muscle biggest to smallest?

A

muscle belly—–muscle fibers—-sacromere

24
Q

What compromises a motor unit?

A
  1. alpha motor neuron
  2. axon
  3. muscle fiber innervated

CNS controls muscle activities through motor units

25
Q

What determines the size of a motor unit?

A

defined by the number of muscle fibers it controls

26
Q

What size are type 1 muscle fibers?

A

small

27
Q

What size are type 2a muscle fibers?

A

medium

28
Q

What size are type 2b muscle fibers?

A

large

29
Q

What is Henneman’s size principle?

A

motor units are recruited smallest to largest

helps us preserve energy (self optimization)

30
Q

What are type 1 fibers?

A

slow twitch oxidative fibers (use oxygen for energy)

high endurance, low power

31
Q

What are type 2A fibers?

A

fast twitch, oxidative fibers

intermediate power and endurance

32
Q

What are type 2B fibers?

A

fast twitch, glycolytic fibers (use glucose for energy)

high power, low endurance

33
Q

Is atrophy greater in type 1 or 2 fibers?

A

type 2

34
Q

What is the toe region in stress-strain curve?

A

fibers are realigned but not fully straightened

35
Q

What is the elastic region in stress-strain curve?

A

fibers are straightened, can return to the original shape

final point of this region is yield point

36
Q

What is the plastic region in stress-strain curve?

A

fibers now have irreversible change and permenent after being strecthed beyond yield point

37
Q

What is the failure region in stress-strain curve?

A

fibers are torn

38
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A

occurs when the agonist muscle fails to shorten enough, cannot achieve full ROM

39
Q

What is passive insufficiency?

A

occurs when the antagonist muscle fails to lengthen far enough, Full ROM cannot be achieved

40
Q

What is active tension?

A

when the muscle moves actively, it can produce the largest force when at resting length

41
Q

What is passive tension?

A

when the muscle is being strecthed, there is a positive relationship between the muscle length and tension

42
Q

In which position can we produce the greatest amount of force?

A

mid range of joint

ex. MMT

43
Q

How can we produce passive tension on a muscle?

A

lengthen the muscle

44
Q

Can we generate greater passive or active tension? How can we combine both active and passive tension?

A

passive tension, think eccentric contraction exercises

45
Q

Why is strecthing so important in athletes?

A

so they can generate greater tension

46
Q

What happens if we overstretch someone?

A

we are moving resting length

Kinesiology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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