Bone Growth/Articulations

Question 1

Building blocks of bone

Answer 1

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, water

Question 2

Cortical bone

Answer 2

compact, strong and dense, not much space between cells

Question 3

Cancellous bone

Answer 3

spongy

Question 4

Axial Skeleton

Answer 4

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sacrum, pelvis

Question 5

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

appendages/limbs

Question 6

2 types of ways bone grows

Answer 6

circumferential (circumference), longitudinal (longways)

Question 7

Factors affecting bone development

Answer 7

Physical stress, nutrition, overuse, injuries/fractures

Question 8

immoveable joints

Answer 8

bones of the skull (sutures)

Question 9

Slightly moveable

Answer 9

two bones with fibrocartilage in between (pubic symphysis, vertebrae)

Question 10

Freely moving

Answer 10

synovial joints

Question 11

Types of synovial joints

Answer 11

hinge, pivot, ball and socket, gliding, saddle, condyloid

Question 12

Hinge

Answer 12

uniaxial, allows flexion/extension (elbow)

Question 13

Pivot Joint

Answer 13

uniaxial, one bone rotating around a fixed bone (C1/C2, radioulnar joint)

Question 14

Ball and Socket

Answer 14

triaxial, allows movement in three plane of motion (acetabulofemoral, glenohumeral)

Question 15

Gliding

Answer 15

plane joints, can be bi or triaxial slide along each other (tarsal joints)

Question 16

Saddle

Answer 16

similar to ball and socket, biaxial, allow flexion/extension and abduction/adduction)

Question 17

Condyloid

Answer 17

egg shaped bone (condyle) that fits into a similarly shaped bone (radiocarpal joint, biaxial)

Question 18

Articular cartilage

Answer 18

reduces friction between two bones and protect underlying bone

Question 19

Joint Capsule

Answer 19

isolates and covers entire joint, outer layer is fibrous connective tissue, underlying is synovial membrane

Question 20

Joint Cavity

Answer 20

allows bones to move smoothly and help mobility, filled with synovial fluid

Question 21

Synovial Fluid

Answer 21

helps get nutrients into the joint

Question 22

Ligaments

Answer 22

helps give support to joint (stability)intra and extracapsular

Question 23

Loading

Answer 23

Applying a foce

Question 24

Stress

Answer 24

the force applied, every force has an equal/opposite reaction

Question 25

Stress equation

Answer 25

force/area

Question 26

Strain

Answer 26

resulting deformation

Question 27

Stress-strain Relationship

Answer 27

how much stress a material can withstand before permanent deformation occurs

Question 28

Compression

Answer 28

two forces being applied in opposite directions, create a pressing or squeezing effect (bone is strongest)

Question 29

Tension

Answer 29

two forces being applied in an opposite direction, colinear forces – act on the same line of application, create a pulling effect

Question 30

Shear

Answer 30

two forces acting in the opposite direction, parallel to each other, sliding (bone is weakest)

Question 31

Torsion

Answer 31

create a twisting effect

Question 32

Bending

Answer 32

compression on one side, tension on the other

Question 33

Combined

Answer 33

simultaneous loading

Question 34

Lever

Answer 34

rigid bar like structure that rotates around a fixed axis (bone)

Question 35

Force (effort)

Answer 35

muscle force, force they create when they contract

Question 36

Axis

Answer 36

fixed point that rotation happens around (fulcrum, joint)

Question 37

Resistance

Answer 37

whatever we're trying to overcome

Question 38

Torque Equation

Answer 38

F x moment arm length

Question 39

Tmuscle = Tresistance

Answer 39

no movement

Question 40

Tmuscle > Tresistance

Answer 40

movement

Question 41

Tmuscle < Tresistance

Answer 41

drop object

Question 42

First class lever

Answer 42

F(MAL) = R(MAL), examples: Cervical extension (at C1 + atlanto-occipital) and triceps in elbow extension

Question 43

Second Class Lever

Answer 43

F(MAL)>R(MAL) examples: tip toes

Question 44

Third Class Lever

Answer 44

F(MAL)

Question 45

Mechanical Properties of Bone Strength

Answer 45

resistance to fracture (Bone mineral density is a big factor)

Question 46

Mechanical Properties of Bone Elasticity

Answer 46

the ability to return to its normal shape after being deformed

Question 47

Mechanical Properties of Bone Fatigability

Answer 47

the measure of weakening of a bone due to repetitive stress

Question 48

Wolff's Law (formal)

Answer 48

the form of bone being given, the bone elements place or displace themselves in the direction of functional forces and increase or decrease their mass to reflect the amount of functional forces

Question 49

Wolff's Law (basic)

Answer 49

Bones will respond to the presence or absence of different forces placed on it with changes in size shape or density

Question 50

Properties of Articulations Elastic Limit

Answer 50

the farthest point a joint can be stretched and return to its original shape

Question 51

Properties of Articulations Stability

Answer 51

the ability to resist abnormal movement of the bones

Question 52

Properties of Articulations Mobility

Answer 52

ability to move through a pain free ROM

Question 53

Properties of Articulations Degrees of Freedom

Answer 53

number of planes a joint can have motions on

Question 54

Properties of Articulations Closed Pack Position

Answer 54

the joint orientation where there is maximal contact between articulating bones (high joint stability, taut)

Question 55

Properties of Articulations Loose Packed Position

Answer 55

any position that is not close packed

Question 56

Skeletal System 1st class lever

Answer 56

axis is in the middle, mechanical advantage depends on position of lever system

Question 57

Skeletal System 2nd class lever

Answer 57

resistance is in the middle, mechanical advantage is force production

Question 58

Skeletal System 3rd class lever

Answer 58

force is in the middle, mechanical advantage is speed/ROM

Question 59

Factors affecting Torque production

Answer 59

Amount of force, length of lever/moment arm, angle of attachment